Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the Clock Drawing Test to Identify MCI and Predict Dementia in Isolated REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

Abstract

Background and Objectives Patients with isolated/idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) are at high risk for developing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). However, there is a lack of scientific knowledge regarding the accuracy of cognitive screening tools to identify these conditions in iRBD. This study aimed to determine in iRBD the psychometrics of 2 screening tests to discriminate patients with MCI and those at risk of DLB. Methods We retrospectively selected and followed 64 patients with polysomnography-confirmed iRBD seen in sleep clinic between 2006 and 2021, 32 with MCI (mean age 68.44 years, 72% men), 32 without MCI (67.78 years, 66% men), and 32 controls (69.84 years, 47% men). Participants underwent a neurologic evaluation and neuropsychological assessment for MCI diagnosis. They also completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT). Fifty-three patients were followed (mean of 5.10 ± 2.64 years); 6 developed DLB, and 16 developed Parkinson disease. An independent cohort of 10 patients with iRBD who later developed DLB was also recruited and followed. Receiver operating characteristic curves with area under the curve (AUC) were performed assessing the discriminant value of the MoCA and CDT. Results The cut-off values that best differentiated patients who developed DLB from controls were on the MoCA total score (≤25/30 with 100% [95% CI 61%–100%] sensitivity and 78% [61%–89%] specificity, AUC = 0.888) and delayed recall (≤3/5 with 83% [44%–97%] sensitivity and 78% [61%–89%] specificity, AUC = 0.875). Both values yielded a sensitivity of 90% (60%–98%) to detect patients at risk of DLB in the independent cohort. Cutoffs that best discriminated patients with MCI from controls were: ≤25/30 (MoCA total score) with 72% [55%–84%] sensitivity, 78% [61%–89%] specificity, AUC = 0.803 and ≤2/5 (MoCA delayed recall) with 63% [45%–77%] sensitivity, 94% [80%–98%] specificity, AUC = 0.843. No acceptable optimal values were found for the CDT. Discussion In iRBD, the MoCA demonstrates adequate psychometric properties to identify patients most at risk of developing DLB and to screen for MCI, whereas the CDT does not. Classification of Evidence This study provides Class II evidence that the MoCA, but not the CDT, is useful in screening patients with iRBD for the risk of developing DLB.