Smoking and respiratory allergic diseases

Abstract

This review presents a modern view on the problem of the impact of smoking on allergic respiratory diseases. Smoking is known as a significant risk factor for asthma. Currently, studying the effect of smoking on allergic rhinitis and sensitization to allergens is of scientific interest. Tobacco smoke affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, contributing to a change in structure and dysfunction, and it can increase the activation of the Th2-immune response and the production of IgE when simultaneously exposed to allergens, which may contribute to the development of allergic diseases. In recent years, electronic cigarette smoking has become especially popular. The aerosol components of electronic cigarettes are characterized by irritant properties and inhalation toxicity. Smoking electronic cigarettes, like smoking traditional cigarettes, can affect the immunity of the respiratory mucosa, including the functions of epithelial cells, macrophages, and neutrophils. This article presents conflicting data on the effect of smoking on allergen sensitization. Tobacco smoke is a known trigger, and its exposure increases the risk of developing new cases of asthma in patients with allergic rhinitis. However, the influence of smoking on the development and clinical course of allergic pathology requires further study.