The Role of Nonquasigeostrophic Forcing in Southern Hemisphere Blocking Onsets

Abstract

Abstract A generalized frictionless, adiabatic geostrophic zonal wind tendency equation is derived to diagnose the nonquasigeostrophic forcings to blocking onset in the Southern Hemisphere through case study and composite analysis. In general, the quasigeostrophic model is capable of representing the key physical processes associated with blocking onset in the troposphere reasonably well in most blocking cases. The consideration of nonquasigeostrophic forcings moderately improves the quasigeostrophic representation in a majority of the blocking events selected for this study, but not all events. This suggests that the nonquasigeostrophic terms could be important in a specific blocking event but not in a composite meaning. Furthermore, the nonquasigeostrophic forcing of geostrophic advection of ageostrophic relative vorticity term, , is extensively examined in this study. This forcing is found to be the leading nonquasigeostrophic forcing term among all nonquasigeostrophic forcings. In a composite sense, the forcing appears to have an alternative contribution that is dependent upon the curvature of the geostrophic flow within the blocking structure. In general, the southwesterly flow is likely associated with the -favoring effect to blocking onset whereas northwesterly flow is associated with the -opposing effect. Therefore, it is important to use the geostrophic flow pattern prior to blocking onset to foresee this ageostrophic-related nonquasigeostrophic forcing to blocking onset. Finally, a pronounced overestimation of geostrophic zonal wind tendency by the quasigeostrophic model is commonly found for selected blocking events within the stratosphere, in comparison to the nonquasigeostrophic model. This overestimation is essentially caused by geostrophic wind approximation.