Iodine‐Induced Hypothyroidism and Long‐Term Risks of Incident Heart Failure

Abstract

Background Although most individuals can adapt to a large iodine load and remain euthyroid, hypothyroidism can develop after iodine exposure. Hypothyroidism is associated with adverse cardiovascular consequences, including heart failure. This study was performed to investigate the relationships between iodine‐induced hypothyroidism and incident heart failure. Methods and Results This cohort study of the US Veterans Health Administration (1998–2021) included adults aged ≥18 years with a serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) <60 days of iodine contrast administration, and <1 year of a baseline normal serum thyroid‐stimulating hormone. Cox proportional hazards regression ascertained risk of incident heart failure following iodine‐induced hypothyroidism, adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index, and history of coronary heart disease, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and hypertension. Of 45 470 veterans (mean±SD age, 61.1±14.1 years; 88% men), 3361 (7.4%) developed iodine‐induced hypothyroidism. Heart failure developed in 5685 (12.5%) individuals over a median follow‐up of 3.6 years (interquartile range, 1.9–7.2 years). Adjusted for risk factors, iodine‐induced hypothyroidism was associated with increased risk of heart failure, compared with those who remained euthyroid after iodine exposure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 1.11 [95% CI, 1.01–1.22]). Women were at greater risk than men (adjusted HR: women, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.13–2.40]; men, 1.08 [95% CI, 0.98–1.19]; P for interaction, 0.02). Conclusions In the largest US study of this topic, hypothyroidism following iodine exposure was associated with an increased risk of incident heart failure, particularly in women. These findings support the need for further research to address the clinical significance of this issue, including the possible sex‐specific risks of incident heart failure in more diverse data sets and study populations.