The Importance of Cerebral Aneurysms in Childhood Hemorrhagic Stroke

Abstract

Background and Purpose— Prior population-based studies of pediatric hemorrhagic stroke (HS) had too few incident cases to assess predictors of cerebral aneurysms, a HS etiology that requires urgent intervention. Methods— We performed a retrospective cohort study of HS (intracerebral, subarachnoid [SAH], and intraventricular hemorrhage) using the population of all children <20 years of age enrolled in a large Northern Californian healthcare plan (January 1993 to December 2003). Cases were identified through electronic searches and confirmed through independent chart review by 2 neurologists with adjudication by a third; traumatic hemorrhages were excluded. Logistic regression was used to examine potential predictors of underlying aneurysm. Results— Within a cohort of 2.3 million children followed for a mean of 3.5 years, we identified 116 cases of spontaneous HS (overall incidence, 1.4 per 100000 person-years). Cerebral aneurysms were identified in 15 (13%) of HS cases. Among 21 children with pure SAH, 57% were found to have an underlying aneurysm compared with only 2% of 58 children with pure intracerebral hemorrhage and 5% of 37 children with a mixed pattern of hemorrhage (intracerebral hemorrhage and SAH). Independent predictors of an underlying aneurysm included pure SAH (OR, 76; 95% CI, 9 to 657; P <0.001) and late adolescent age (15 to 19 years versus younger age groups; OR, 6.4; 95% CI, 1.0 to 40; P =0.047). Conclusions— Cerebral aneurysms cause the majority of spontaneous SAH in children and account for more than 10% of childhood HS overall. Children, and particularly teenagers, presenting with spontaneous SAH should be promptly evaluated with cerebrovascular imaging.