The Acinetobacter baumannii K70 and K9 capsular polysaccharides consist of related K-units linked by the same Wzy polymerase and cleaved by the same phage depolymerases

Abstract

ABSTRACT The extensively antibiotic-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii GC1(ST1 IP ) isolate SGH0807 from Singapore carries the KL70 gene cluster. The structure of the K70 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) produced by SGH0807 was determined using sugar analysis and one- and two-dimensional 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The K70 CPS consists of branched tetrasaccharide K-units and is closely related to the previously reported K9 CPS. The KL70 and KL9 loci differ in a short segment that encodes the initiating transferase for d -Fuc p NAc in K70 and d -Glc p NAc in K9. The two structures differ only in the identity of the “first” sugar of the K-unit, d -Fuc p NAc in K70 and d -Glc p NAc in K9. This difference alters the identity of one of the sugars involved in the linkage between K-units formed by the Wzy polymerase. However, KL70 and KL9 encode an identical Wzy polymerase, designated as Wzy KL9 , indicating that the differences between d -Fuc p NAc and d -Glc p NAc do not affect its function. Whether the difference in the first sugars was recognized by the depolymerases encoded by three K9-specific bacteriophages, AM24, BS46, and APK09, that hydrolyze the bond in K9 CPS formed by Wzy KL9 was also examined. Purified depolymerases incubated with K70 CPS purified from SGH0807 formed oligosaccharide fragments that were monomers and dimers of the CPS cleaved at the linkage between K-units. As depolymerases encoded by phage determine host specificity by hydrolyzing specific CPS types, these phages could infect and lyse the SGH0807 K70 isolate. A. baumannii carrying KL70 were found in Singapore hospitals between 2006 and 2009. IMPORTANCE Bacteriophage show promise for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infections that resist all therapeutically suitable antibiotics. Many tail-spike depolymerases encoded by phage that are able to degrade A. baumannii capsular polysaccharide (CPS) exhibit specificity for the linkage present between K-units that make up CPS polymers. This linkage is formed by a specific Wzy polymerase, and the ability to predict this linkage using sequence-based methods that identify the Wzy at the K locus could assist with the selection of phage for therapy. However, little is known about the specificity of Wzy polymerase enzymes. Here, we describe a Wzy polymerase that can accommodate two different but similar sugars as one of the residues it links and phage depolymerases that can cleave both types of bond that Wzy forms.