Escherichia coli CadB is capable of promiscuously transporting muropeptides and contributing to peptidoglycan recycling

Abstract

ABSTRACT The bacterial peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall is remodeled during growth and division, releasing fragments called muropeptides. Muropeptides can be internalized and reused in a process called PG recycling. Escherichia coli is highly devoted to recycling muropeptides and is known to have at least two transporters, AmpG and OppBCDF, that import them into the cytoplasm. While studying mutants lacking AmpG, we unintentionally isolated mutations that led to the altered expression of a third transporter, CadB. CadB is normally upregulated under acidic pH conditions and is an antiporter for lysine and cadaverine. Here, we explored if CadB was altering PG recycling to assist in the absence of AmpG. Surprisingly, CadB overexpression was able to restore PG recycling when both AmpG and OppBCDF were absent. CadB was found to import freed PG peptides, a subpopulation of muropeptides, through a promiscuous activity. Altogether, our data support that CadB is a third transporter capable of contributing to PG recycling. IMPORTANCE Bacteria produce a rigid mesh cell wall. During growth, the cell wall is remodeled, which releases cell wall fragments. If released into the extracellular environment, cell wall fragments can trigger inflammation by the immune system of a host. Gastrointestinal bacteria, like Escherichia coli , have dedicated pathways to recycle almost all cell wall fragments they produce. E. coli contains two known recycling transporters, AmpG and Opp, that we previously showed are optimized for growth in different environments. Here, we identify that a third transporter, CadB, can also contribute to cell wall recycling. This work expands our understanding of cell wall recycling and highlights the dedication of organisms like E. coli to ensure high recycling in multiple growth environments.