Threats Posed by the Fungal Kingdom to Humans, Wildlife, and Agriculture

Author:

Fisher Matthew C.1ORCID,Gurr Sarah J.2,Cuomo Christina A.3ORCID,Blehert David S.4,Jin Hailing5,Stukenbrock Eva H.67,Stajich Jason E.5ORCID,Kahmann Regine8,Boone Charles91011,Denning David W.12,Gow Neil A. R.2ORCID,Klein Bruce S.13,Kronstad James W.14ORCID,Sheppard Donald C.15,Taylor John W.16,Wright Gerard D.17,Heitman Joseph18,Casadevall Arturo19ORCID,Cowen Leah E.9

Affiliation:

1. MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

2. Department of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom

3. Infectious Disease and Microbiome Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA

4. U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

5. Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California—Riverside, Riverside, California, USA

6. Max Planck Fellow Group Environmental Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany

7. Environmental Genomics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany

8. Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany

9. Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

10. The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

11. RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan

12. The National Aspergillosis Centre, Wythenshawe Hospital, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom

13. Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin—Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

14. Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

15. McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunology, Departments of Medicine, Microbiology & Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

16. University of California—Berkeley, Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, Berkeley, California, USA

17. M.G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

18. Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Medicine, and Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA

19. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Abstract

The fungal kingdom includes at least 6 million eukaryotic species and is remarkable with respect to its profound impact on global health, biodiversity, ecology, agriculture, manufacturing, and biomedical research. Approximately 625 fungal species have been reported to infect vertebrates, 200 of which can be human associated, either as commensals and members of our microbiome or as pathogens that cause infectious diseases. These organisms pose a growing threat to human health with the global increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections, prevalence of fungal allergy, and the evolution of fungal pathogens resistant to some or all current classes of antifungals.

Publisher

American Society for Microbiology

Subject

Virology,Microbiology

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