RUNX3 inhibits KSHV lytic replication by binding to the viral genome and repressing transcription

Abstract

ABSTRACT Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) belongs to the gamma herpesvirus family, which can cause human malignancies including Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s diseases. KSHV typically maintains a persistent latent infection within the host. However, after exposure to intracellular or extracellular stimuli, KSHV lytic replication can be reactivated. The reactivation process of KSHV triggers the innate immune response to limit viral replication. Here, we found that the transcriptional regulator RUNX3 is transcriptionally upregulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway in KSHV-infected SLK cells and B cells during KSHV reactivation. Notably, knockdown of RUNX3 significantly promotes viral lytic replication as well as the gene transcription of KSHV. Consistent with this finding, overexpression of RUNX3 impairs viral lytic replication. Mechanistically, RUNX3 binds to the KSHV genome and limits viral replication through transcriptional repression, which is related to its DNA- and ATP-binding ability. However, KSHV has also evolved corresponding strategies to antagonize this inhibition by using the viral protein RTA to target RUNX3 for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Altogether, our study suggests that RUNX3, a novel host-restriction factor of KSHV that represses the transcription of viral genes, may serve as a potential target to restrict KSHV transmission and disease development. IMPORTANCE The reactivation of Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) from latent infection to lytic replication is important for persistent viral infection and tumorigenicity. However, reactivation is a complex event, and the regulatory mechanisms of this process are not fully elucidated. Our study revealed that the host RUNX3 is upregulated by the NF-κB signaling pathway during KSHV reactivation, which can repress the transcription of KSHV genes. At the late stage of lytic replication, KSHV utilizes a mechanism involving RTA to degrade RUNX3, thus evading host inhibition. This finding helps elucidate the regulatory mechanism of the KSHV life cycle and may provide new clues for the development of therapeutic strategies for KSHV-associated diseases.