The role of Toll-like receptor polymorphism in pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus infection

Abstract

Introduction. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors that are expressed in many immune and non-immune cells, playing a crucial role in the development of inflammation and associated infectious diseases.Aim. To summarize the knowledge about the role of TLRs and their genetic variations in the development of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection during pregnancy and congenital infection in newborns.Materials and methods. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar for relevant studies. A total of 42 English-language articles and a Russian-language article were reviewed, covering a period of 19 years from 2004 to 2023. The search was conducted using the keywords: Toll-like receptors, cytomegalovirus, polymorphisms, intrauterine infection. The potential role of TLRs and their genetic variability in the pathogenesis of CMV infection both in the general population and in pregnant women is demonstrated. Their possible involvement in the development of congenital CMV infection in newborns is also identified.Conclusion. The results could be used to develop therapeutic targets aimed at potential application for immune correction of inflammation caused by CMV infection.Results. The paper shows the knowledge on the structure and types of TLRs, revealing the main molecular mechanisms by which the receptors participate in the regulation of the immune system and the development of inflammation during infection.