Clinically important effect sizes for clinical trials using infarct growth reduction as the primary outcome: a systematic review

Abstract

BackgroundInfarct growth on multimodal imaging is a common lead outcome in phase 2 proof-of-concept and dose-optimization neuroprotective agent stroke trials. However, the effect size in infarct growth reduction that correlates with clinically meaningful differences in clinical global disability outcomes has not been well delineated.MethodsA systematic literature search identified all endovascular thrombectomy randomized trials reporting magnitude of treatment effect on both infarct growth reduction and increase in functional independence (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2). Data aggregation determined the size of infarct growth reductions salient to four types of clinically meaningful effect sizes of increase in functional independence: (1) the minimal clinically important difference (MCID)–outcome specific; (2) the MCID–practice changing; (3) the realistic target difference; and (4) the reasonable comparability effect size.ResultsA systematic search identified four trials enrolling 612 imaged participants. Across the trials, the amount of functional independence (mRS 0–2) increase associated with each 1 mL reduction in infarct growth was mean 2.3±0.6%. An infarct growth reduction of 0.57 mL correlated with the mRS 0–2 increase MCID of 1.3%. Infarct growth reductions of 2.27 mL, 4.35 mL, and 6.53 mL correlated with realistic effect and reasonable comparability effects sizes of mRS 0–2 increases of 5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively.ConclusionIn formal meta-analysis of randomized treatment trials, every 1 mL reduction in infarct growth was associated with a 2.3% increase in functional independence (mRS 0–2) at 3 months. This conversion factor can inform selection of infarct growth effect size targets for phase 2 trials of neuroprotective agents.