1. Butler etal?3 1993 (UK)
2. Studies which also investigated professional boxers; tStudy also reported by Haglund and Eriksson28,1993
3. Sp Med;Br, J.,1994
4. Length of career The number of contests ranged between 014,24,25 to over 20019,22 24 Murelius and Haglund24 contrasted boxers with few contests (0-15 bouts) with those having a high number of contests (25-230 bouts). The only difference was in fine motor coordination (although scores were within the normal range). Interestingly Heilbronner et al. found the boxers with the most extensive career demonstrated comparatively slower finger tapping after a bout23. As previously discussed, fine motor reactions do not reflect central cognitive processes and thus neuropsychological functioning appears unaffected by length of boxing career
5. Level of competition Most reports have investigated boxers competing at local or regional levels where it could be argued that the blows received might not be of comparable strength and power to those in contests at a national or international level. However, Kaste et al.13 studied national and European champions and found no evidence of neuropsychological abnormality in their sample