Global Spread, Genetic Differentiation, and Selection of Barley Spot Form Net Blotch Isolates

Author:

Hassett Kealan1ORCID,Muria-Gonzalez Mariano Jordi1ORCID,Martin Anke2ORCID,Karakaya Aziz3,Çelik Oğuz Arzu3,Bakonyi Jószef4,Knight Noel L.12,Prins Renée5,Ellwood Simon R.1ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre for Crop and Disease Management, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia

2. Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia

3. Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dışkapı, Ankara 06110, Turkey

4. Plant Protection Institute, HUN-REN Centre for Agricultural Research, Herman Ottó str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary

5. CenGen (Pty) Ltd., Worcester, 6850, South Africa

Abstract

Spot form net blotch, caused by Pyrenophora teres f. maculata, is a significant necrotrophic disease of barley that spread worldwide in the twentieth century. Genetic relationships were analyzed to determine the diversity, survival, and dispersal of a diverse collection of 346 isolates from Australia, Southern Africa, North America, Asia Minor, and Europe. The results, based on genome-wide DArTseq data, indicated that isolates from Turkey were the most differentiated with regional sub-structuring, together with individuals closely related to geographically distant genotypes. Elsewhere, population subdivision related to country of origin was evident, although low levels of admixturing was found that may represent rare genotypes or migration from unsampled populations. Canadian isolates were the next most diverged, and Australian and South African the most closely related. With the exception of Turkish isolates, multiple independent Cyp51A mutation events (which confer insensitivity to demethylation inhibitor fungicides) between countries and within regions was evident, with strong selection for a transposable element insertion at the 3' end of the promoter and counterselection elsewhere. Individuals from Western Australia shared genomic regions and Cyp51A haplotypes with South African isolates, suggesting a recent common origin. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .

Funder

Grains Research and Development Corporation

Publisher

Scientific Societies

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