Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common type of cancer, with approximately 149,500 new cases in 2021. Colorectal cancer can be caused by genetic mutations, bacterial and viral infections, and second-hand smoke. In metastatic CRC (mCRC), only patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) or microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) benefit from current therapeutic approaches. 95% of the patients with proficient mismatch repair (pMMR) or microsatellite stable (MSS) mCRC still have poor prognostic outcomes. Conventional surgical treatment cannot meet patients' expectations for treatment effect and prognosis. Therefore, innovative approaches are needed to develop effective immunotherapy for these patients. This article introduces the mechanisms of action and clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in colorectal cancer, especially CTLA-4 and PD-1.
Publisher
Darcy & Roy Press Co. Ltd.
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