Applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the medical fields

Abstract

ICIs are a kind of immunotherapy that works by preventing immune checkpoints from functioning normally, which are essential immune system components. ICIs are currently the most used immunotherapy regimen. Based on the patient's health, the cancer type, the length of the illness, and the dose of inhibitors the patient can tolerate, the therapy can cause side effects of indeterminate duration and varying degrees. However, the therapy remains beneficial for patients. Therefore, the effects of immunotherapy on the human body are still an issue that needs to be explored. An overview of ICIs in immunotherapy will be given in this paper, including the following concepts: (i) General information on treatments with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ii)The immunotherapy’s mechanism and application (iii) Problems and complications with ICI therapies (iv) Ways that the immunotherapy can be improved and the future direction of ICI.