The interaction between tumor derived exosomes and various cells in the progress of tumor

Abstract

Exosomes, actively secreted from cells to the outside, are a series of small vesicles which is full of biological functions, which bring a variety of active elements (lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and other biological information molecules). They are instrumental in impacting immune response, tumorigenesis, tumor invasion and metastasis. Exosomes that come from tumor can influence the growth of tumor and metastasis by regulating different types of cells, like endothelial cells, epithelial cells and immune cells. Exosomes can open the close connection of endothelial cells, enhance the infiltration of tumor cells, and promote tumor angiogenesis. In the meantime, exosomes can also target epithelial cells to promote the process of tumor metastasis. This impact is mainly reflected in the key event——EMT caused by exosomes, including the direct effect of exosomes and the indirect effect of exosomes on ECM regulation. The former is divided into three parts: inducting factor, signaling pathways and miRNAs, while the latter covers the remodeling of ECM by exosomes and the ECM modification led by the interaction between exosomes and other cells. Besides, Tumor-derived exosomes can inhibit and activate immune cells which cause tumor cell immune escape, inhibit anti-tumor immunity, and promote the killing ability of immune cells. This review summarized the function of exosomes secreted by tumor cells that it may have a significant impact on the development of tumors for interfering with the functioning of immune cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells, and gave some prospective exosome-based therapy methods.