Author:
Alkafaas Samar Sami,Abdallah Abanoub Mosaad,Hassan Mai H.,Hussien Aya Misbah,Elkafas Sara Samy,Loutfy Samah A.,Mikhail Abanoub,Murad Omnia G.,Elsalahaty Mohamed I.,Hessien Mohamed,Elshazli Rami M.,Alsaeed Fatimah A.,Ahmed Ahmed Ezzat,Kamal Hani K.,Hafez Wael,El-Saadony Mohamed T.,El-Tarabily Khaled A.,Ghosh Soumya
Abstract
AbstractRecently, COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its variants, caused > 6 million deaths. Symptoms included respiratory strain and complications, leading to severe pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 attaches to the ACE-2 receptor of the host cell membrane to enter. Targeting the SARS-CoV-2 entry may effectively inhibit infection. Acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) is a lysosomal protein that catalyzes the conversion of sphingolipid (sphingomyelin) to ceramide. Ceramide molecules aggregate/assemble on the plasma membrane to form “platforms” that facilitate the viral intake into the cell. Impairing the ASMase activity will eventually disrupt viral entry into the cell. In this review, we identified the metabolism of sphingolipids, sphingolipids' role in cell signal transduction cascades, and viral infection mechanisms. Also, we outlined ASMase structure and underlying mechanisms inhibiting viral entry 40 with the aid of inhibitors of acid sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs). In silico molecular docking analyses of FIASMAs with inhibitors revealed that dilazep (S = − 12.58 kcal/mol), emetine (S = − 11.65 kcal/mol), pimozide (S = − 11.29 kcal/mol), carvedilol (S = − 11.28 kcal/mol), mebeverine (S = − 11.14 kcal/mol), cepharanthine (S = − 11.06 kcal/mol), hydroxyzin (S = − 10.96 kcal/mol), astemizole (S = − 10.81 kcal/mol), sertindole (S = − 10.55 kcal/mol), and bepridil (S = − 10.47 kcal/mol) have higher inhibition activity than the candidate drug amiodarone (S = − 10.43 kcal/mol), making them better options for inhibition.
Funder
The Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
Tanta University
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Reference202 articles.
1. Hoertel N, Blachier M, Blanco C, Olfson M, Massetti M, Rico MS, Limosin F, Leleu H. A stochastic agent-based model of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in France. Nat Med. 2020;26(9):1417–21.
2. Ghosh S, Bornman C, Zafer MM. Antimicrobial Resistance Threats in the emerging COVID-19 pandemic: Where do we stand? J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(5):555–60.
3. Alhouri A, Salloum A, Harfouch RM, Soumya G. Possible side effects of using detergents during the Covid19 pandemic in Syria. Ann Clin Cases. 2020;1(4):1023.
4. Meskini M, Rami MR, Maroofi P, Ghosh S, Siadat SD, Sheikhpour M. An overview on the epidemiology and immunology of COVID-19. J Infect Public Health. 2021;14(10):1284–98.
5. Ghosh S, Al-Sharify ZT, Maleka MF, Onyeaka H, Maleke M, Maolloum A, Godoy L, Meskini M, Rami MR, Ahmadi S, et al. Propolis efficacy on SARS-COV viruses: a review on antimicrobial activities and molecular simulations. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022l;29(39):58628–47.