Revisiting the flexion-valgus type unicondylar posterolateral tibial plateau depression fracture pattern: classification and treatment

Abstract

Abstract Objective This study aimed to reclassify posterolateral tibial plateau fractures caused by a flexion-valgus force and describe this fracture pattern to provide a relatively programmed surgical treatment based on morphological characteristics that may improve reduction and stabilization. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the fracture pattern and injury mechanism of patients with posterolateral tibial plateau fractures who underwent surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University between January 2014 and April 2020. The cohort was divided into three types. Type I was a depression fracture of the posterolateral platform with an intact posterolateral cortex. Type II was a depression fracture of the posterolateral platform with a disrupted posterolateral cortex. Type III was a depression fracture of the posterolateral platform in combination with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture or tibial insertion avulsion fracture of the ACL. The lateral window of the modified Frosch approach with an L-type locking plate was used for patients with type I and type III fractures. For patients with type II fractures, both lateral and posterolateral windows of the modified Frosch approach were used for surgery, and a T-plate on the posterior side with an L-plate on the lateral side were used for fixation. The Rasmussen radiology scoring was used to evaluate the quality of surgical reduction and the Rasmussen functional scoring evaluation standard was used to evaluate knee joint function. Results A total of 69 tibial plateau fractures (36 male, 33 female) involving the posterolateral platform were discovered and included in this study. All patients suffered flexion-valgus force at the moment of the accident. There were 32 cases of Type I fracture, 28 cases of Type II fracture, and 9 cases of Type III fracture. The patients were followed up for 12–30 (mean 20.8 ± 9.4) months. The postoperative Rasmussen radiological scores for the three types of fractures were 15–17 (mean 16.31 ± 0.78), 14–17 (mean 15.93 ± 0.94), and 14–17 (mean 16.22 ± 0.97), respectively. The postoperative Rasmussen functional scores for the three types of fractions were 27–30 (mean 27.97 ± 0.90), 27–29 (mean 27.36 ± 0.56), and 27–29 (mean 27.56 ± 0.73), respectively. Conclusion Flexion-valgus posterolateral tibial plateau fractures were divided into three types based on the integrity of the posterolateral wall and ACL injuries. We hope the classification can play a certain reference role in recognizing and treating flexion-valgus-type posterolateral tibial plateau fractures.