Abstract
AbstractExercise increases the pain threshold in healthy people. However, the pain threshold modulation effect of exercise and hawthorn is unclear because of its potential benefits in people with persistent pain, including those with Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, after the induction of Alzheimer's disease by trimethyl chloride, male rats with Alzheimer's disease were subjected to a 12-week training regimen consisting of resistance training, swimming endurance exercises, and combined exercises. In addition, hawthorn extract was orally administered to the rats. Then, their pain threshold was evaluated using three Tail-flick, Hot-plate, and Formalin tests. Our results showed that Alzheimer's decreased the pain threshold in all three behavioral tests. Combined exercise with hawthorn consumption had the most statistically significant effect on Alzheimer's male rats' pain threshold in all three experiments. A combination of swimming endurance and resistance exercises with hawthorn consumption may modulate hyperalgesia in Alzheimer's rats. Future studies need to determine the effects of these factors on the treatment and/or management of painful conditions.
Graphical Abstract
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference69 articles.
1. Merskey H (1994) Part III pain terms, a current list with definitions and notes on usage. Classification of chronic pain-descriptions of chronic pain syndromes and definitions of pain terms. 207–214
2. Jones A, Kulkarni B, Derbyshire S (2003) Pain mechanisms and their disorders: imaging in clinical neuroscience. Br Med Bull 65:83–93
3. Scherder EJ, Sergeant JA, Swaab DF (2003) Pain processing in dementia and its relation to neuropathology. Lancet Neurol 2:677–686
4. Song W-J, Yun J-H, Jeong M-S, Kim K-N, Shin T, Kim H-C, Wie M-B (2021) Inhibitors of lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 attenuate trimethyltin-induced neurotoxicity through regulating oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y Cells. Brain Sci 11:1116
5. Wang Z, Xiong L, Zu H (2017) Toxic leukoencephalopathy and hypokalemia due to exposure to trimethyltin. J Clin Neurol (Seoul, Korea) 13:298