Sports injury rate and sports performance: role of low-grade chronic inflammation
Main Article Content
Keywords
Key words: inflammation, overtraining, sport, arnica
Abstract
Summary: As known, inflammation is a protective mechanism against pathogens and other triggers driven by biological molecules (neuropeptides, hormones, cytokines, growth factors).
Inflammation is hence a physiological process, but it loses its positive connotation when the anti-inflammatory signal molecules are not able to "suppress" naturally the signs and symptoms of inflammation.
In athletes, among the neuro-immuno-endocrine factors controlling homeostasis, one represents the watershed between physiology and pathology, i.e. inflammation, and in particular Low-Grade Chronic Inflammation (LGCI).
Starting from this perspective, it is interesting to note how physical exercise induces biphasic responses on many endocrines, and above all, immunological mechanisms, among which the main one is inflammation. Sedentary people are more likely to develop a state of LGCI (with consequent increase in the incidence of related diseases) compared to those who perform a moderate physical activity; the latter will show reduced levels of numerous inflammatory markers, including Interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and an increase, at the same time, in anti-inflammatory cytokines and other signal molecules such as Interleukin-10 (IL-10) (6-8). This status and the related cytokine movement has been defined as a “physiological controlled state of inflammation”
References
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4. TIME magazine Feb 2004;
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7. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;98(4):1154-62.
8. Liu HW, Chang SJ. Moderate Exercise Suppresses NF-κB Signaling and Activates the SIRT1-AMPK-PGC1α Axis to Attenuate Muscle Loss in Diabetic db/db Mice. Front Physiol. 2018;9:636.
9. Collins SM, Bercik P. The Relationship Between Intestinal Microbiota and the Central Nervous System in Normal Gastrointestinal Function and Disease. Gastroenterology 2009;136:2003–2014.
10. MacKinnon LT. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000;78(5):502-9.
11. Hackney AC, Koltun KJ. The immune system and overtraining in athletes: clinical implications. Acta Clin Croat. 2012;51(4):633-41.
12. Lee EC, Fragala MS, Kavouras SA, Queen RM, Pryor JL, Casa DJ. Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Oct;31(10):2920-2937
13. Perry JD. Exercise, injury and chronic inflammatory lesions. Br Med Bull. 1992;48(3):668-82.
14. Predel HG. Marathon run: cardiovascular adaptation and cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(44):3091-8
15. Jennings F, Lambert E, Fredericson M. Rheumatic diseases presenting as sports-related injuries. Sports Med. 2008;38(11):917-30
16. Lakier Smith L. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: is this a T helper-1 versus T helper-2 lymphocyte response? Sports Med.;33(5):347-64.
17. Smith LL. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):317-31.
18. Angeli A, Minetto M, Dovio A, Paccotti P. The overtraining syndrome in athletes: a stress-related disorder. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(6):603-12.
19. Kajaia T, Maskhulia L, Chelidze K, Akhalkatsi V, Kakhabrishvili Z. The effects of non-functional overreaching and overtraining on autonomic nervous system function in highly trained athletes. Georgian Med News. 2017 Mar;(264):97-103
20. Viana RB, Gentil P, Lorenço VS, Vieira CA, Campos MH, Santos DAT, Silva WF, Andrade MS, Vancini RL, de Lira CAB. Identifying the predisposing factors, signs and symptoms of overreaching and overtraining in physical education professionals.PeerJ. 2018 Jun 13;6:e4994. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4994. eCollection 2018
21. Halson SL, Jeukendrup AE. Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sports Med. 2004;34(14):967-81. Review
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23. Stephens MA, Wand G. Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Res. 2012;34(4):468-83.
24. Cadegiani FA, Kater CE. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Functioning in Overtraining Syndrome: Findings from Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)-EROS-HPA Axis. Sports Med Open. 2017;3(1):45.)
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26. Chycki J, Kurylas A, Maszczyk A, Golas A, Zajac A. Alkaline water improves exercise-induced metabolic acidosis and enhances anaerobic exercise performance in combat sport athletes. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0205708
27. Karasiak FC, Guglielmo LGA. Effects of exercise-induced muscle damage in well-trained cyclists' aerobic and anaerobic performances. J Strength Cond Res. 2018 Sep;32(9):2623-2631
28. Riemann A, Ihling A, Thomas J, Schneider B, Thews O, Gekle M. Acidic environment activates inflammatory programs in fibroblasts via a cAMP-MAPK pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1853(2):299-307.
29. Teixeira J, Basit F, Swarts HG, Forkink M, Oliveira PJ, Willems PHGM, Koopman WJH. Extracellular acidification induces ROS- and mPTP-mediated death in HEK293 cells. Redox Biol. 2018;15:394-404.
30. Leonard BE. Inflammation, depression and dementia: are they connected? Neurochem Res. 2007;32(10):1749-56.
31. Milani L, Perra A, Cardani D. Arnica comp. -Heel A 60 year-long history. From homeopathic materiae medicae to molecular biology and genomics. Adv Ther. 2017;12:17-33.
32. Walker C. Are All Oral COX-2 Selective Inhibitors the Same? A Consideration of Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, and Diclofenac. Int J Rheumatol. 2018 Dec 9;2018:1302835.;
33. Bancos S, Bernard MP, Topham DJ, Phipps RP. Ibuprofen and other widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit antibody production in human cells. Cell Immunol. 2009;258(1):18-28
34. McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2205-19.
35. da Rocha AL, Teixeira GR, Pinto AP, de Morais GP, Oliveira LDC, de Vicente LG, da Silva LECM, et al. Excessive training induces molecular signs of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol. 2018 May 24.
36. Del Prete M, Lozzi, A. Low Dose Medicine e infiammazione. La farmacologia dei Bassi Dosaggi nel trattamento delle patologie infiammatorie acute, croniche ed autoimmuni. 3° edizione Palermo: Nuova IPSA Editore, 2018.
37. Mazza C. I sei pilastri della salute. Nutraceutica Fisiologica. Il nuovo paradigma della nutraceutica. 4° edizione Palermo: Nuova IPSA Editore, 2018.
38. Castiglioni S, Miranda V, Cazzaniga A, Campanella M, Nichelatti M, Andena M, Maier JAM. Femtograms of Interferon-γ Suffice to Modulate the Behavior of Jurkat Cells: A New Light in Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 ;18(12).
39. Gariboldi S, Palazzo M, Zanobbio L, Dusio GF, Mauro V, Solimene U, Cardani D, et al. Low dose oral administration of cytokines for treatment of allergic asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009;22(6):497-510.
40. Cardani D, Dusio GF, Luchini P, Sciarabba M, Solimene U, Rumio C. Oral Administration of Interleukin-10 and Anti-IL1 Antibody Ameliorates Experimental Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology Research 2013;6(4):124-33.
41. Radice E, Miranda V, Bellone G Low-doses of sequential-kinetic-activated interferon-gamma enhance the ex vivo cytotoxicity of peripheral blood natural killer cells from patients with early-stage colorectal cancer. A preliminary study Intern. Immunopharm 2014;19(1):66-73.
42. Roberti ML, Ricottini L, Capponi A, Sclauzero E, Vicenti P, Fiorentini E, Savoia C, et al. Immunomodulating treatment with low dose Inter- leukin-4, Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-11 in psoriasis vulgaris. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2014;28(1):133-9.
43. Radice E, Bellone G, Miranda V. Enhancement of the Immunostimulatory Functions of Ex Vivo-Generated Dendritic Cells from Early-Stage Colon Cancer Patients by Consecutive Exposure to Low Doses of Sequential-Kinetic-Activated IL-4 and IL-12. A Preliminary Study. Transl On- col. 2015 Aug;8(4):327-38.
44. Mancini F, Milardi D, Carfagna P, Grande G, Miranda V, De Cicco Nardone A, Ricciardi D, Pontecorvi A, et al. Low-dose SKA Progesterone and Interleukin-10 modulate the inflammatory pathway in endometriotic cell lines. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;55:223-230.
45. Carello R, Ricottini L, Miranda V, Panei P, Rocchi L, Arcieri R, Galli E. Long-term treatment with low-dose medicine in chronic childhood eczema: a double-blind two-stage randomized control trial. Ital J Pediatr. 2017;43(1):78.
46. Martin-Martin LS, Giovannangeli F, Bizzi E, Massafra U, Ballanti E, Cassol M, Migliore A. An open randomized active-controlled clinical trial with low-dose SKA cytokines versus DMARDs evaluating low disease activity maintenance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:985-994.
47. Zenner S, Metelmann H. Application Possibilities of Traumeel S Injection Solution. Biological Therapy 1992;10(4):301-10.
48. Thiel W, Borho B. The treatment of recent traumatic blood effusions of the Knee Joint. Biological Therapy 1994;12(4):242-8.
49. Birnesser H, Oberbaum M, Klein P, Weiser M. The homeopathic preparation Traumeel® s compared with NSAIDs for symptomatic treatment of epicondylitis. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 2004;8(2-3):119-28.
50. Schneider C. Traumeel - an emerging option to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of acute musculoskeletal injuries. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:225-34.
51. González de Vega C, Speed C, Wolfarth B, González J. Traumeel vs. diclofenac for reducing pain and improving ankle mobility after acute ankle sprain: a multicentre, randomised, blinded, controlled and non-inferiority trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(10):979-89.
52. Iannitti T, Morales-Medina JC, Bellavite P, Rottigni V, Palmieri B. Effectiveness and Safety of Arnica montana in Post-Surgical Setting, Pain and Inflammation. Am J Ther. 2016 Jan-Feb;23(1):e184-97.
53. Muders K, Pilat C, Deuster V, Frech T, Krüger K, Pons-Kühnemann J, Mooren FC. Effects of Traumeel (Tr14) on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Response in Healthy Subjects: A Double-Blind RCT. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:1693918.
54. Fioranelli M, Bianchi M, Roccia MG, Di Nardo V. Effects of Arnica comp.-Heel® on reducing cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2016;64(1):34-40.
55. Porozov S, Cahlon L, Weiser M, Branski D, Lider O, Oberbaum M. Inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α secretion from resting and activated human immunocytes by homeopathic medication Traumeel S. Clin Dev Immunol.2004;11(2):143-9.
56. Lussignoli S, Bertani S, Metelmann H, Bellavite P, Conforti A. Effect of Traumeel S, a homeopathic formulation, on blood-induced inflammation in rats. Complement Ther Med. 1999 Dec;7(4):225-30.
57. Heine H, Schmolz M. Induction of the immunological bystander reaction by plant extract. Biomed Ther. 1998:16(3):224-6.
58. St Laurent G 3rd, Seilheimer B, Tackett M, Zhou J, Shtokalo D, Vyatkin Y, Ri M, et al. Deep Sequencing Transcriptome Analysis of Murine Wound Healing: Effects of a Multicomponent, Multitarget Natural Product Therapy-Tr14. Front Mol Biosci. 2017;4:57.
59. Theofilidis G, Bogdanis GC, Koutedakis Y, Karatzaferi C. Monitoring Exercise-Induced Muscle Fatigue and Adaptations: Making Sense of Popular or Emerging Indices and Biomarkers. Sports (Basel). 2018;6(4). pii: E153.
2. Kucharska-Newton AM, Couper DJ, Pankow JS, Prineas RJ, Rea TD, Sotoodehnia N, Chakravarti A, et al. Hemostasis, inflammation, and fatal and nonfatal coronary heart disease: long-term follow-up of the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) cohort. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2009;29(12):2182-90.
3. Koenig W. Heart disease and the inflammatory response. BMJ. 2000;321(7255):187-8
4. TIME magazine Feb 2004;
5. Zhuang Y, Lyga J. Inflammaging in skin and other tissues - the roles of complement system and macrophage. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2014;13(3):153-61.
6. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The role of IL-6 in mediating the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise. J Physiol Pharmacol. 2006;57(10):43-51.
7. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;98(4):1154-62.
8. Liu HW, Chang SJ. Moderate Exercise Suppresses NF-κB Signaling and Activates the SIRT1-AMPK-PGC1α Axis to Attenuate Muscle Loss in Diabetic db/db Mice. Front Physiol. 2018;9:636.
9. Collins SM, Bercik P. The Relationship Between Intestinal Microbiota and the Central Nervous System in Normal Gastrointestinal Function and Disease. Gastroenterology 2009;136:2003–2014.
10. MacKinnon LT. Special feature for the Olympics: effects of exercise on the immune system: overtraining effects on immunity and performance in athletes. Immunol Cell Biol. 2000;78(5):502-9.
11. Hackney AC, Koltun KJ. The immune system and overtraining in athletes: clinical implications. Acta Clin Croat. 2012;51(4):633-41.
12. Lee EC, Fragala MS, Kavouras SA, Queen RM, Pryor JL, Casa DJ. Biomarkers in Sports and Exercise: Tracking Health, Performance, and Recovery in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Oct;31(10):2920-2937
13. Perry JD. Exercise, injury and chronic inflammatory lesions. Br Med Bull. 1992;48(3):668-82.
14. Predel HG. Marathon run: cardiovascular adaptation and cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(44):3091-8
15. Jennings F, Lambert E, Fredericson M. Rheumatic diseases presenting as sports-related injuries. Sports Med. 2008;38(11):917-30
16. Lakier Smith L. Overtraining, excessive exercise, and altered immunity: is this a T helper-1 versus T helper-2 lymphocyte response? Sports Med.;33(5):347-64.
17. Smith LL. Cytokine hypothesis of overtraining: a physiological adaptation to excessive stress? Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):317-31.
18. Angeli A, Minetto M, Dovio A, Paccotti P. The overtraining syndrome in athletes: a stress-related disorder. J Endocrinol Invest. 2004;27(6):603-12.
19. Kajaia T, Maskhulia L, Chelidze K, Akhalkatsi V, Kakhabrishvili Z. The effects of non-functional overreaching and overtraining on autonomic nervous system function in highly trained athletes. Georgian Med News. 2017 Mar;(264):97-103
20. Viana RB, Gentil P, Lorenço VS, Vieira CA, Campos MH, Santos DAT, Silva WF, Andrade MS, Vancini RL, de Lira CAB. Identifying the predisposing factors, signs and symptoms of overreaching and overtraining in physical education professionals.PeerJ. 2018 Jun 13;6:e4994. doi: 10.7717/peerj.4994. eCollection 2018
21. Halson SL, Jeukendrup AE. Does overtraining exist? An analysis of overreaching and overtraining research. Sports Med. 2004;34(14):967-81. Review
22. Meeusen R, Duclos M, Foster C, Fry A, Gleeson M, Nieman D, Raglin J, et al. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of the overtraining syndrome: joint consensus statement of the European College of Sport Science and the American College of Sports Medicine. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(1):186-205.
23. Stephens MA, Wand G. Stress and the HPA axis: role of glucocorticoids in alcohol dependence. Alcohol Res. 2012;34(4):468-83.
24. Cadegiani FA, Kater CE. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Functioning in Overtraining Syndrome: Findings from Endocrine and Metabolic Responses on Overtraining Syndrome (EROS)-EROS-HPA Axis. Sports Med Open. 2017;3(1):45.)
25. Spiers JG, Chen HJ, Sernia C, Lavidis NA. Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis induces cellular oxidative stress. Front Neurosci. 2015;8:456.
26. Chycki J, Kurylas A, Maszczyk A, Golas A, Zajac A. Alkaline water improves exercise-induced metabolic acidosis and enhances anaerobic exercise performance in combat sport athletes. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0205708
27. Karasiak FC, Guglielmo LGA. Effects of exercise-induced muscle damage in well-trained cyclists' aerobic and anaerobic performances. J Strength Cond Res. 2018 Sep;32(9):2623-2631
28. Riemann A, Ihling A, Thomas J, Schneider B, Thews O, Gekle M. Acidic environment activates inflammatory programs in fibroblasts via a cAMP-MAPK pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2015;1853(2):299-307.
29. Teixeira J, Basit F, Swarts HG, Forkink M, Oliveira PJ, Willems PHGM, Koopman WJH. Extracellular acidification induces ROS- and mPTP-mediated death in HEK293 cells. Redox Biol. 2018;15:394-404.
30. Leonard BE. Inflammation, depression and dementia: are they connected? Neurochem Res. 2007;32(10):1749-56.
31. Milani L, Perra A, Cardani D. Arnica comp. -Heel A 60 year-long history. From homeopathic materiae medicae to molecular biology and genomics. Adv Ther. 2017;12:17-33.
32. Walker C. Are All Oral COX-2 Selective Inhibitors the Same? A Consideration of Celecoxib, Etoricoxib, and Diclofenac. Int J Rheumatol. 2018 Dec 9;2018:1302835.;
33. Bancos S, Bernard MP, Topham DJ, Phipps RP. Ibuprofen and other widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit antibody production in human cells. Cell Immunol. 2009;258(1):18-28
34. McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2205-19.
35. da Rocha AL, Teixeira GR, Pinto AP, de Morais GP, Oliveira LDC, de Vicente LG, da Silva LECM, et al. Excessive training induces molecular signs of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. J Cell Physiol. 2018 May 24.
36. Del Prete M, Lozzi, A. Low Dose Medicine e infiammazione. La farmacologia dei Bassi Dosaggi nel trattamento delle patologie infiammatorie acute, croniche ed autoimmuni. 3° edizione Palermo: Nuova IPSA Editore, 2018.
37. Mazza C. I sei pilastri della salute. Nutraceutica Fisiologica. Il nuovo paradigma della nutraceutica. 4° edizione Palermo: Nuova IPSA Editore, 2018.
38. Castiglioni S, Miranda V, Cazzaniga A, Campanella M, Nichelatti M, Andena M, Maier JAM. Femtograms of Interferon-γ Suffice to Modulate the Behavior of Jurkat Cells: A New Light in Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 ;18(12).
39. Gariboldi S, Palazzo M, Zanobbio L, Dusio GF, Mauro V, Solimene U, Cardani D, et al. Low dose oral administration of cytokines for treatment of allergic asthma. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2009;22(6):497-510.
40. Cardani D, Dusio GF, Luchini P, Sciarabba M, Solimene U, Rumio C. Oral Administration of Interleukin-10 and Anti-IL1 Antibody Ameliorates Experimental Intestinal Inflammation. Gastroenterology Research 2013;6(4):124-33.
41. Radice E, Miranda V, Bellone G Low-doses of sequential-kinetic-activated interferon-gamma enhance the ex vivo cytotoxicity of peripheral blood natural killer cells from patients with early-stage colorectal cancer. A preliminary study Intern. Immunopharm 2014;19(1):66-73.
42. Roberti ML, Ricottini L, Capponi A, Sclauzero E, Vicenti P, Fiorentini E, Savoia C, et al. Immunomodulating treatment with low dose Inter- leukin-4, Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-11 in psoriasis vulgaris. J Biol Regul Homeost Agents 2014;28(1):133-9.
43. Radice E, Bellone G, Miranda V. Enhancement of the Immunostimulatory Functions of Ex Vivo-Generated Dendritic Cells from Early-Stage Colon Cancer Patients by Consecutive Exposure to Low Doses of Sequential-Kinetic-Activated IL-4 and IL-12. A Preliminary Study. Transl On- col. 2015 Aug;8(4):327-38.
44. Mancini F, Milardi D, Carfagna P, Grande G, Miranda V, De Cicco Nardone A, Ricciardi D, Pontecorvi A, et al. Low-dose SKA Progesterone and Interleukin-10 modulate the inflammatory pathway in endometriotic cell lines. Int Immunopharmacol. 2018;55:223-230.
45. Carello R, Ricottini L, Miranda V, Panei P, Rocchi L, Arcieri R, Galli E. Long-term treatment with low-dose medicine in chronic childhood eczema: a double-blind two-stage randomized control trial. Ital J Pediatr. 2017;43(1):78.
46. Martin-Martin LS, Giovannangeli F, Bizzi E, Massafra U, Ballanti E, Cassol M, Migliore A. An open randomized active-controlled clinical trial with low-dose SKA cytokines versus DMARDs evaluating low disease activity maintenance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2017;11:985-994.
47. Zenner S, Metelmann H. Application Possibilities of Traumeel S Injection Solution. Biological Therapy 1992;10(4):301-10.
48. Thiel W, Borho B. The treatment of recent traumatic blood effusions of the Knee Joint. Biological Therapy 1994;12(4):242-8.
49. Birnesser H, Oberbaum M, Klein P, Weiser M. The homeopathic preparation Traumeel® s compared with NSAIDs for symptomatic treatment of epicondylitis. Journal of Musculoskeletal Research 2004;8(2-3):119-28.
50. Schneider C. Traumeel - an emerging option to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the management of acute musculoskeletal injuries. Int J Gen Med. 2011;4:225-34.
51. González de Vega C, Speed C, Wolfarth B, González J. Traumeel vs. diclofenac for reducing pain and improving ankle mobility after acute ankle sprain: a multicentre, randomised, blinded, controlled and non-inferiority trial. Int J Clin Pract. 2013;67(10):979-89.
52. Iannitti T, Morales-Medina JC, Bellavite P, Rottigni V, Palmieri B. Effectiveness and Safety of Arnica montana in Post-Surgical Setting, Pain and Inflammation. Am J Ther. 2016 Jan-Feb;23(1):e184-97.
53. Muders K, Pilat C, Deuster V, Frech T, Krüger K, Pons-Kühnemann J, Mooren FC. Effects of Traumeel (Tr14) on Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage Response in Healthy Subjects: A Double-Blind RCT. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:1693918.
54. Fioranelli M, Bianchi M, Roccia MG, Di Nardo V. Effects of Arnica comp.-Heel® on reducing cardiovascular events in patients with stable coronary disease. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2016;64(1):34-40.
55. Porozov S, Cahlon L, Weiser M, Branski D, Lider O, Oberbaum M. Inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α secretion from resting and activated human immunocytes by homeopathic medication Traumeel S. Clin Dev Immunol.2004;11(2):143-9.
56. Lussignoli S, Bertani S, Metelmann H, Bellavite P, Conforti A. Effect of Traumeel S, a homeopathic formulation, on blood-induced inflammation in rats. Complement Ther Med. 1999 Dec;7(4):225-30.
57. Heine H, Schmolz M. Induction of the immunological bystander reaction by plant extract. Biomed Ther. 1998:16(3):224-6.
58. St Laurent G 3rd, Seilheimer B, Tackett M, Zhou J, Shtokalo D, Vyatkin Y, Ri M, et al. Deep Sequencing Transcriptome Analysis of Murine Wound Healing: Effects of a Multicomponent, Multitarget Natural Product Therapy-Tr14. Front Mol Biosci. 2017;4:57.
59. Theofilidis G, Bogdanis GC, Koutedakis Y, Karatzaferi C. Monitoring Exercise-Induced Muscle Fatigue and Adaptations: Making Sense of Popular or Emerging Indices and Biomarkers. Sports (Basel). 2018;6(4). pii: E153.
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Sports injury rate and sports performance: role of low-grade chronic inflammation. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jun. 11];22(3):e2020032. Available from: https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/9920
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Author Biography
Giovanni Posabella, Medico chirurgo, specialista in Medicina dello Sport
European Sport Nutrition Society (ESNS)
Bologna Sports Nutrition Medical Center
How to Cite
1.
Sports injury rate and sports performance: role of low-grade chronic inflammation. Progr Nutr [Internet]. 2020 Sep. 30 [cited 2024 Jun. 11];22(3):e2020032. Available from: https://www.mattioli1885journals.com/index.php/progressinnutrition/article/view/9920
