The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease

Author:

Besedovsky Luciana1,Lange Tanja1ORCID,Haack Monika1

Affiliation:

1. Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

Abstract

Sleep and immunity are bidirectionally linked. Immune system activation alters sleep, and sleep in turn affects the innate and adaptive arm of our body’s defense system. Stimulation of the immune system by microbial challenges triggers an inflammatory response, which, depending on its magnitude and time course, can induce an increase in sleep duration and intensity, but also a disruption of sleep. Enhancement of sleep during an infection is assumed to feedback to the immune system to promote host defense. Indeed, sleep affects various immune parameters, is associated with a reduced infection risk, and can improve infection outcome and vaccination responses. The induction of a hormonal constellation that supports immune functions is one likely mechanism underlying the immune-supporting effects of sleep. In the absence of an infectious challenge, sleep appears to promote inflammatory homeostasis through effects on several inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines. This notion is supported by findings that prolonged sleep deficiency (e.g., short sleep duration, sleep disturbance) can lead to chronic, systemic low-grade inflammation and is associated with various diseases that have an inflammatory component, like diabetes, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. Here, we review available data on this regulatory sleep-immune crosstalk, point out methodological challenges, and suggest questions open for future research.

Funder

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)

HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHBLI)

HHS | NIH | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)

Publisher

American Physiological Society

Subject

Physiology (medical),Molecular Biology,Physiology,General Medicine

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