Affiliation:
1. Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Victoria, Australia
Abstract
The benefits of exercise on the heart are well recognized, and clinical studies have demonstrated that exercise is an intervention that can improve cardiac function in heart failure patients. This has led to significant research into understanding the key mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced cardiac protection. Here, we summarize molecular mechanisms that regulate exercise-induced cardiac myocyte growth and proliferation. We discuss in detail the effects of exercise on other cardiac cells, organelles, and systems that have received less or little attention and require further investigation. This includes cardiac excitation and contraction, mitochondrial adaptations, cellular stress responses to promote survival (heat shock response, ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosomal system, endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response, DNA damage response), extracellular matrix, inflammatory response, and organ-to-organ crosstalk. We summarize therapeutic strategies targeting known regulators of exercise-induced protection and the challenges translating findings from bench to bedside. We conclude that technological advancements that allow for in-depth profiling of the genome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, combined with animal and human studies, provide new opportunities for comprehensively defining the signaling and regulatory aspects of cell/organelle functions that underpin the protective properties of exercise. This is likely to lead to the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for heart disease.
Funder
Department of Health, Australian Government | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
National Heart Foundation of Australia
Baker Foundation
Publisher
American Physiological Society
Subject
Physiology (medical),Molecular Biology,Physiology,General Medicine
Cited by
101 articles.
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