Challenges to the central nervous system during human spaceflight missions to Mars

Author:

Clément Gilles R.1,Boyle Richard D.2,George Kerry A.1,Nelson Gregory A.3,Reschke Millard F.4,Williams Thomas J.4,Paloski William H.4

Affiliation:

1. KBR, Houston, Texas

2. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California

3. Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California

4. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas

Abstract

Space travel presents a number of environmental challenges to the central nervous system, including changes in gravitational acceleration that alter the terrestrial synergies between perception and action, galactic cosmic radiation that can damage sensitive neurons and structures, and multiple factors (isolation, confinement, altered atmosphere, and mission parameters, including distance from Earth) that can affect cognition and behavior. Travelers to Mars will be exposed to these environmental challenges for up to 3 years, and space-faring nations continue to direct vigorous research investments to help elucidate and mitigate the consequences of these long-duration exposures. This article reviews the findings of more than 50 years of space-related neuroscience research on humans and animals exposed to spaceflight or analogs of spaceflight environments, and projects the implications and the forward work necessary to ensure successful Mars missions. It also reviews fundamental neurophysiology responses that will help us understand and maintain human health and performance on Earth.

Funder

NASA HRP

Publisher

American Physiological Society

Subject

Physiology,General Neuroscience

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