Passive stretch regulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake independent of nitric oxide synthase

Abstract

Skeletal muscle contraction increases glucose uptake via an insulin-independent mechanism. Signaling pathways arising from mechanical strain are activated during muscle contractions, and mechanical strain in the form of passive stretching stimulates glucose uptake. However, the exact mechanisms regulating stretch-stimulated glucose uptake are not known. Since nitric oxide synthase (NOS) has been implicated in the regulation of glucose uptake during ex vivo and in situ muscle contractions and during exercise, and NO is increased with stretch, we examined whether the increase in muscle glucose uptake during stretching involves NOS. We passively stretched isolated extensor digitorum longus muscles (15 min at ~100–130 mN) from control mice and mice lacking either neuronal NOSµ (nNOSµ) or endothelial NOS (eNOS) isoforms, as well as used pharmacological inhibitors of NOS. Stretch significantly increased muscle glucose uptake appoximately twofold ( P < 0.05), and this was unaffected by the presence of the NOS inhibitors NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (100 µM) or NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (100 µM). Similarly, stretch-stimulated glucose uptake was not attenuated by deletion of either eNOS or nNOSµ isoforms. Furthermore, stretching failed to increase skeletal muscle NOS enzymatic activity above resting levels. These data clearly demonstrate that stretch-stimulated skeletal muscle glucose uptake is not dependent on NOS. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Passive stretching is known to activate muscle glucose uptake through mechanisms that partially overlap with contraction. We report that genetic knockout of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS) or neuronal NOS or pharmacological NOS inhibition does not affect stretch-stimulated glucose uptake. Passive stretch failed to increase NOS activity above resting levels. This information is important for the study of signaling pathways that regulate stretch-stimulated glucose uptake and indicate that NOS should be excluded as a potential signaling factor in this regard.