Isolated coronary artery ectasia presenting as inferior-posterior STEMI—a case-based state-of-the-art review of the current literature

Abstract

Abstract Background This review is based on the case of a 71-year-old female patient, with cardiovascular risk factors, who was referred for emergency cardiological evaluation after experiencing severe anterior chest pain that had lasted for more than 5 hours at the time of admission. A diagnosis of inferior-posterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction was established, and emergency coronary angiography was performed. It revealed severe, diffuse dilation of the entire arterial coronary tree with slow flow and the presence of a large quantity of thrombotic material in the right coronary artery. Thromboaspiration was deemed unfit since the operator believed that there was a high risk of distal embolization with subsequent no-reflow, when passing with the catheter. As such, the patient started receiving anticoagulant therapy, and after one month she was scheduled for a control angiogram. The follow-up coronary angiography identified complete dissolution of the thrombus from the right coronary artery and a moderate stenosis in the distal segment, so no stent implantation was required. Rationale for review After performing a complete and comprehensive differential diagnosis, presence of isolated coronary artery ectasia was established. Coronary artery ectasia is a rare disease, usually found incidentally during coronary angiograms performed for other indications (chronic and acute coronary syndromes) with a vast etiology and complex pathophysiology. Because there are common morphopathologic pathways between coronary artery ectasia and atherosclerotic coronary artery disease, the clinical presentation of the former might have similar characteristics with the latter, but the management and prognosis of these patients is much less studied compared to the patients suffering from different phenotypes of coronary atherosclerosis. This review aims to summarize the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, and different management pathways of coronary artery ectasia.