Fractures in Childhood and Young Adulthood According to Maternal Smoking in Late Pregnancy. A Danish Cohort Study

Abstract

Abstract Background Fractures account for the most frequent cause of hospitalization during childhood and numbers have increased over time. Of all fractures in childhood and young adulthood, 66% are recurrent fractures, suggesting that some people are predestined for fractures. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between maternal smoking during late pregnancy and the risk of fractures in the children. Methods The study included 11,082 mothers and their children from the cohort “Healthy Habits for Two” born between 1984 and 1987. Information about maternal smoking during pregnancy came from questionnaires filled out in pregnancy, while information about fractures was derived from the Danish National Patient Registry. Over a follow-up of 24 years (1994–2018), Cox regression with multiple failures was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for fractures in childhood and young adulthood according to maternal smoking in late pregnancy. Information about body mass index (BMI) and smoking status in young adulthood was included as time variant covariates. Results During an age span of 8–32 years, 6,420 fractures were observed. Of the mothers, 39.1% smoked during late pregnancy. Compared to children of mothers who did not smoke, children of mothers who smoked 1–9 cigarettes per day and 10+ cigarettes per day had an increased risk of fractures (HR 1.14 [CI: 1.06; 1.21] and HR 1.14 [CI: 1.07; 1.22], respectively). After adjusting for BMI and smoking status in young adulthood, the findings were slightly strengthened, showing an increased risk of fractures of 23 and 25% in children of mothers smoking 1–9 cigarettes per day and 10+ cigarettes per day, respectively. Conclusion Maternal smoking during late pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of fractures in the child. This result indicates that exposure to cigarette smoke in utero may play a role in lifelong bone health.