Diabetic Neuropathy Assessed with Multifrequency Vibrometry Develops Earlier than Nephropathy but Later than Retinopathy

Abstract

Abstract Background Diabetes is associated with systemic complications. Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy, and retinopathy, in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is declining, but it is not known if this is true also for diabetic neuropathy. Aim: To investigate the relationship between large fibre diabetic neuropathy and other diabetic complications. Materials and methods Neuropathy, defined here as large fibre neuropathy, was assessed by measuring vibration perception thresholds at four different frequencies on the sole of the foot, using a standard VibroSense Meter and/or neuropathic symptoms, in 599 individuals with T1DM. Retinopathy status was graded using the International Clinical Disease Severity Scale. Grade of albuminuria and previous history of any macrovascular complications were registered. Results Diabetic individuals without retinopathy had similar vibration thresholds as age- and gender-matched control participants without diabetes, whereas those without microalbuminuria had higher thresholds than controls. Two individuals out of 599 (0.3%) had microalbuminuria, but not retinopathy or neuropathy, and 12/134 (9%) without retinopathy had signs of neuropathy. Totally 119/536 (22%) of the patients without microalbuminuria had neuropathy. Vibration thresholds increased with the rising severity of retinopathy and grade of albuminuria. In a multinomial logistic regression analysis, neuropathy was associated with retinopathy (OR 2.96 [1.35–6.49], p=0.007), nephropathy (OR 6.25 [3.21–12.15]; p=6.7×10–8) and macrovascular disease (OR 2.72 [1.50–4.93], p=0.001). Conclusions Despite recent changes in the incidence of diabetic complications, the onset of large fibre neuropathy follows that of retinopathy but precedes the onset of nephropathy in T1DM.