Ring Opening of Donor–Acceptor Cyclopropanes with N-Nucleo­philes

Abstract

Ring opening of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with various N-nucleophiles provides a simple approach to 1,3-functionalized compounds that are useful building blocks in organic synthesis, especially in assembling various N-heterocycles, including natural products. In this review, ring-opening reactions of donor–acceptor cyclopropanes with amines, amides, hydrazines, N-heterocycles, nitriles, and the azide ion are summarized.1 Introduction2 Ring Opening with Amines3 Ring Opening with Amines Accompanied by Secondary Processes Involving the N-Center3.1 Reactions of Cyclopropane-1,1-diesters with Primary and Secondary Amines3.1.1 Synthesis of γ-Lactams3.1.2 Synthesis of Pyrroloisoxazolidines and -pyrazolidines3.1.3 Synthesis of Piperidines3.1.4 Synthesis of Azetidine and Quinoline Derivatives3.2 Reactions of Ketocyclopropanes with Primary Amines: Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives3.3 Reactions of Сyclopropane-1,1-dicarbonitriles with Primary Amines: Synthesis of Pyrrole Derivatives4 Ring Opening with Tertiary Aliphatic Amines5 Ring Opening with Amides6 Ring Opening with Hydrazines7 Ring Opening with N-Heteroaromatic Compounds7.1 Ring Opening with Pyridines7.2 Ring Opening with Indoles7.3 Ring Opening with Di- and Triazoles7.4 Ring Opening with Pyrimidines8 Ring Opening with Nitriles (Ritter Reaction)9 Ring Opening with the Azide Ion10 Summary