The effect of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and its treatment on clot microstructure: Are they thrombogenic?

Author:

Pillai Suresh123,Davies Gareth1,Lawrence Matthew13,Whitley Janet13,Stephens Jeffrey23,Williams Phylip Rhodri3,Morris Keith4,Evans Phillip Adrian123

Affiliation:

1. Welsh Centre for Emergency Medicine Research, Emergency Department, Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK

2. Morriston Hospital, Swansea, UK

3. Swansea University, Swansea, UK

4. Cardiff Metropolitan University, UK

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a medical emergency with a high mortality rate and is associated with severe metabolic acidosis and dehydration. DKA patients have an increased risk of arterial and venous thromboembolism, however little is known about this metabolic derangement in the first 24 hours of admission and to assess its effect on coagulation. We therefore utilised a novel functional marker of clot microstructure (fractal dimension - df) to assess these changes within the first 24 hours. METHODS: Prospective single centre observational study to demonstrate whether the tendency of blood clot formation differs in DKA patients. RESULTS: 15 DKA patients and 15 healthy matched controls were recruited. Mean df in the healthy control group was 1.74±0.03. An elevated df of 1.78±0.07 was observed in patients with DKA on admission. The mean pH on admission was 7.14±0.13 and the lactate was 3.6±2.0. df changed significantly in response to standard treatment and was significantly reduced to 1.68±0.09 (2–6& h) and to 1.66±0.08 at 24& h (p < 0.01 One-way ANOVA). df also correlated significantly with lactate and pH (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.479 and –0.675 respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DKA patients at presentation have a densely organising less permeable thrombogenic clot microstructure as evidenced by high df. These structural changes are due to a combination of dehydration and a profound metabolic acidosis, which was reversed with treatment. These changes were not mirrored in standard clinical markers of thromboge-nicity.

Publisher

IOS Press

Subject

Physiology (medical),Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine,Hematology,Physiology

Reference31 articles.

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2. Palmer B , Clegg D . Electrolyte and Acid–Base Disturbances in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. NEJM. 2015;373;6(548–559).

3. Risk of death following admission to a UK hospital with diabetic ketoacidosis;Gibb;Diabetologia,2016

4. Evidence-based management of hyperg lycemic emergencies in diabetes mellitus;Nyenwe;Diabetes Res Clin Pract,2011

5. Effect of hydration on whole blood viscosity in firefighters;Holsworth;Altern Ther Health Med,2013

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