Effects of Brain Pathologies on Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment

Abstract

Background: Impaired gait can precede dementia. The associations between gait parameters and brain pathologies are therefore of interest. Objective: To explore how different brain pathologies (i.e., vascular and Alzheimer’s) are associated with specific gait parameters from various gait components in persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), who have an increased risk of developing dementia. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 96 patients with MCI (mean 72, ±7.5 years; 52% women). Gait was evaluated by using an electronic walkway, GAITRite®. Four gait parameters (step velocity variability; step length; step time; stance time asymmetry) were used as dependent variables in multivariable linear regression analyses. Independent variables included Alzheimer’s disease pathologies (amyloid-β and tau) by using PET imaging and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) by using MRI. Covariates included age, sex, comorbidities (and intracranial volume in analyses that includedWMH). Results: Increased tau-PET (Braak I–IV region of interest [ROI]) was associated with step velocity variability (standardized regression coefficient, β= 0.383, p < 0.001) and step length (β= 0.336, p < 0.001), which remained significant when using different Braak ROIs (I-II, III-IV, V-VI). The associations remained significant when adjusting for WMH (p < 0.001). When also controlling for gait speed, tau was no longer significantly (p = 0.168) associated with an increased step length. No significant associations between gait and Aβ-PET load or WMH were identified. Conclusions: The results indicate that one should pay specific attention to assess step velocity variability when targeting single task gait in patients with MCI. Future studies should address additional gait variability measures and dual tasking in larger cohorts.