Characteristics of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease

Abstract

Chronic kidney disease  is kidney damage  that persists  for three  months  or more due to the action of various etiological  factors, the anatomical basis of which is the process  of replacement of normal anatomical structures with fibrosis, leading  to its dysfunction. This nosology is quite common in the modern world; it can progress  and lead to disability of patients and a decrease in their  quality of life. The mortality  rate  for this disease  also remains  high. About 3/4  of patients with this pathology  have a terminal  stage  of the process, which is characterized by the development of protein-energy deficiency (due to uremia, malnutrition, acidosis and persistent inflammatory  process), which significantly worsens  the prognosis. Currently, the available  literature  contains  a small number  of works devoted  to this problem, therefore an important part of the  management of patients with chronic kidney disease  (especially  those  on hemodialysis)  is the  assessment and correction  of nutritional status. In this article, the authors  highlight  aspects  of the development of protein-energy malnutrition, its possible  methods of diagnosis and correction. Electrolyte disturbances, especially hyperkalemia  and hyperphosphatemia, are also common complications of chronic kidney disease.  Correction  of these  conditions,  in turn, can  lead  to the  development of deficiency  of vitamins  and  other microelements. According to studies presented in the literature, nutritional status  is one of the main factors determining the survival and degree  of rehabilitation of patients on renal replacement therapy, as well as the effectiveness of dialysis treatment. Thus, a clinician’s knowledge  of the nutritional status  of this group of patients can improve their prognosis  and quality of life.