Abstract
AbstractHumanity is facing a global challenge of dwindling water resources and the situation is intensifying due to growing population leading to excessive water pollution. Nanofiltration is an important membrane-based technology for the production of clean and potable water for domestic and industrial setups. Hyper-cross-linked polyamide thin film composite nanofiltration (HCPA-TFC-NF) membranes have been fabricated by using multifunctional amine 1 (possessing two primary -NH2 and two secondary -NH groups) and bifunctional terephthaloyl chloride 2 (TPC) through interfacial polymerization. The structure of the hyper-cross-linked polyamide network has been successfully confirmed by solid (CP-MAS) 13C NMR, XPS, AFM, FT-IR, elemental mapping, and EDX analysis. The membrane features such as surface morphology and hydrophilicity have been established by FE-SEM and water contact angle measurements. The FE-SEM analysis revealed the formation of uniform polyamide active layer on the surface of PS/PET support, and the pore structure of the membranes was tuned by studying the effect of curing temperature and curing time. The nanofiltration membranes efficiently rejected a series of divalent salts including MgCl2, CaCl2, Na2SO4, MgSO4, and NaCl using cross-flow filtration setup. Based on the cross-flow filtration performance, the best conditions for the membrane fabrication were found to be curing temperature of 80 °C with a curing time of 1 h. The highest salt rejection was observed in case of MgCl2 reaching to a value of 98.11% in case of HCPA-TFC-NF@M3 and it was found to be 97.45% in case of HCPA-TFC-NF@M2 while the rejection of MgCl2 was reduced to 94.59% in case HCPA-TFC-NF@M1. HCPA-TFC-NF@M2 showed NaCl rejection of 87.36%. The hydrofluoric acid treatment of HCPA-TFC-NF-M2 increased the water flux while keeping the rejection high. The HCPA-TFC-NF@M2 showed a rejection of >99% for EBT with a permeate flux of 75 LMH.
Funder
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
Authors would like to acknowledge the support provided by the Interdisciplinary Research Center for Membranes and Water Security Project number # INMW2111
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Subject
Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law,Pollution,Waste Management and Disposal,Water Science and Technology
Cited by
21 articles.
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