X-chromosome and kidney function: evidence from a multi-trait genetic analysis of 908,697 individuals reveals sex-specific and sex-differential findings in genes regulated by androgen response elements

Author:

Scholz MarkusORCID,Horn KatrinORCID,Pott JanneORCID,Wuttke MatthiasORCID,Kühnapfel AndreasORCID,Nasr M. KamalORCID,Kirsten Holger,Li YongORCID,Hoppmann Anselm,Gorski MathiasORCID,Ghasemi Sahar,Li Man,Tin AdrienneORCID,Chai Jin-Fang,Cocca MassimilianoORCID,Wang Judy,Nutile TeresaORCID,Akiyama MasatoORCID,Åsvold Bjørn OlavORCID,Bansal Nisha,Biggs Mary L.,Boutin Thibaud,Brenner HermannORCID,Brumpton BenORCID,Burkhardt RalphORCID,Cai JianwenORCID,Campbell ArchieORCID,Campbell Harry,Chalmers John,Chasman Daniel I.ORCID,Chee Miao Ling,Chee Miao Li,Chen Xu,Cheng Ching-YuORCID,Cifkova Renata,Daviglus Martha,Delgado Graciela,Dittrich Katalin,Edwards Todd L.ORCID,Endlich KarlhansORCID,Michael Gaziano J.,Giri AyushORCID,Giulianini Franco,Gordon Scott D.ORCID,Gudbjartsson Daniel F.,Hallan Stein,Hamet PavelORCID,Hartman Catharina A.ORCID,Hayward CarolineORCID,Heid Iris M.,Hellwege Jacklyn N.ORCID,Holleczek Bernd,Holm HilmaORCID,Hutri-Kähönen Nina,Hveem Kristian,Isermann BerendORCID,Jonas Jost B.ORCID,Joshi Peter K.,Kamatani YoichiroORCID,Kanai MasahiroORCID,Kastarinen Mika,Khor Chiea ChuenORCID,Kiess Wieland,Kleber Marcus E.ORCID,Körner AntjeORCID,Kovacs PeterORCID,Krajcoviechova Alena,Kramer HollyORCID,Krämer Bernhard K.ORCID,Kuokkanen MikkoORCID,Kähönen Mika,Lange Leslie A.,Lash James P.ORCID,Lehtimäki TerhoORCID,Li Hengtong,Lin Bridget M.,Liu JianjunORCID,Loeffler Markus,Lyytikäinen Leo-PekkaORCID,Magnusson Patrik K. E.ORCID,Martin Nicholas G.ORCID,Matsuda Koichi,Milaneschi YuriORCID,Mishra Pashupati P.,Mononen Nina,Montgomery Grant W.ORCID,Mook-Kanamori Dennis O.,Mychaleckyj Josyf C.ORCID,März Winfried,Nauck MatthiasORCID,Nikus Kjell,Nolte Ilja M.ORCID,Noordam RaymondORCID,Okada YukinoriORCID,Olafsson Isleifur,Oldehinkel Albertine J.ORCID,Penninx Brenda W. J. H.,Perola Markus,Pirastu NicolaORCID,Polasek OzrenORCID,Porteous David J.ORCID,Poulain Tanja,Psaty Bruce M.,Rabelink Ton J.ORCID,Raffield Laura M.ORCID,Raitakari Olli T.,Rasheed HumairaORCID,Reilly Dermot F.ORCID,Rice Kenneth M.ORCID,Richmond Anne,Ridker Paul M.,Rotter Jerome I.ORCID,Rudan IgorORCID,Sabanayagam Charumathi,Salomaa VeikkoORCID,Schneiderman Neil,Schöttker BenORCID,Sims Mario,Snieder HaroldORCID,Stark Klaus J.ORCID,Stefansson KariORCID,Stocker HannahORCID,Stumvoll MichaelORCID,Sulem PatrickORCID,Sveinbjornsson Gardar,Svensson Per O.ORCID,Tai E-ShyongORCID,Taylor Kent D.ORCID,Tayo Bamidele O.,Teren Andrej,Tham Yih-Chung,Thiery Joachim,Thio Chris H. L.ORCID,Thomas Laurent F.ORCID,Tremblay Johanne,Tönjes Anke,van der Most Peter J.ORCID,Vitart Veronique,Völker UweORCID,Wang Ya XingORCID,Wang ChaolongORCID,Wei Wen Bin,Whitfield John B.ORCID,Wild Sarah H.ORCID,Wilson James F.ORCID,Winkler Thomas W.ORCID,Wong Tien-YinORCID,Woodward Mark,Sim XuelingORCID,Chu Audrey Y.,Feitosa Mary F.ORCID,Thorsteinsdottir Unnur,Hung Adriana M.ORCID,Teumer AlexanderORCID,Franceschini NoraORCID,Parsa Afshin,Köttgen AnnaORCID,Schlosser PascalORCID,Pattaro CristianORCID

Abstract

AbstractX-chromosomal genetic variants are understudied but can yield valuable insights into sexually dimorphic human traits and diseases. We performed a sex-stratified cross-ancestry X-chromosome-wide association meta-analysis of seven kidney-related traits (n = 908,697), identifying 23 loci genome-wide significantly associated with two of the traits: 7 for uric acid and 16 for estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), including four novel eGFR loci containing the functionally plausible prioritized genes ACSL4, CLDN2, TSPAN6 and the female-specific DRP2. Further, we identified five novel sex-interactions, comprising male-specific effects at FAM9B and AR/EDA2R, and three sex-differential findings with larger genetic effect sizes in males at DCAF12L1 and MST4 and larger effect sizes in females at HPRT1. All prioritized genes in loci showing significant sex-interactions were located next to androgen response elements (ARE). Five ARE genes showed sex-differential expressions. This study contributes new insights into sex-dimorphisms of kidney traits along with new prioritized gene targets for further molecular research.

Publisher

Springer Science and Business Media LLC

Subject

General Physics and Astronomy,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,General Chemistry,Multidisciplinary

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