Detection of functional deterioration in glaucoma by trend analysis using comprehensive overlapping clusters of locations

Abstract

Abstract Detecting rapid visual field deterioration is crucial for individuals with glaucoma. Cluster trend analysis detects visual field deterioration with higher sensitivity than global analyses by using predefined non-overlapping subsets of visual field locations. However, it may miss small defects that straddle cluster borders. This study introduces a comprehensive set of overlapping clusters, and assesses whether this further improves progression detection. Clusters were defined as locations from where ganglion cell axons enter the optic nerve head within a θ° wide sector, centered at 1º intervals, for various θ. Deterioration in eyes with or at risk of glaucomatous visual field loss was “detected” if ≥ Nθ clusters had deteriorated with p < pCluster, chosen empirically to give 95% specificity based on permuting the series. Nθ was chosen to minimize the time to detect subsequently-confirmed deterioration in ≥ 1/3rd of eyes. Times to detect deterioration were compared using Cox survival models. Biannual series were available for 422 eyes of 214 participants. Predefined non-overlapping clusters detected subsequently-confirmed change in ≥ 1/3rd of eyes in 3.41 years (95% confidence interval 2.75–5.48 years). After equalizing specificity, no criteria based on comprehensive overlapping clusters detected deterioration significantly sooner. The quickest was 3.13 years (2.69–4.65) for θ° = 20° and Nθ = 25, but the comparison with non-overlapping clusters had p = 0.672. Any improvement in sensitivity for detecting deterioration when using a comprehensive set of overlapping clusters was negated by the need to maintain equal specificity. The existing cluster trend analysis using predefined non-overlapping clusters provides a useful tool for monitoring visual field progression.