Author:
Li Mengwei,Chi Xiaowei,Wang Ying,Setrerrahmane Sarra,Xie Wenwei,Xu Hanmei
Abstract
AbstractThe centenary of insulin discovery represents an important opportunity to transform diabetes from a fatal diagnosis into a medically manageable chronic condition. Insulin is a key peptide hormone and mediates the systemic glucose metabolism in different tissues. Insulin resistance (IR) is a disordered biological response for insulin stimulation through the disruption of different molecular pathways in target tissues. Acquired conditions and genetic factors have been implicated in IR. Recent genetic and biochemical studies suggest that the dysregulated metabolic mediators released by adipose tissue including adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, excess lipids and toxic lipid metabolites promote IR in other tissues. IR is associated with several groups of abnormal syndromes that include obesity, diabetes, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and other abnormalities. Although no medication is specifically approved to treat IR, we summarized the lifestyle changes and pharmacological medications that have been used as efficient intervention to improve insulin sensitivity. Ultimately, the systematic discussion of complex mechanism will help to identify potential new targets and treat the closely associated metabolic syndrome of IR.
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Reference514 articles.
1. Banting, F. G. & Best, C. H. The internal secretion of the pancreas. 1922. Indian J. Med. Res. 125, 251–266 (2007).
2. SANGER, F. & THOMPSON, E. O. The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. The identification of lower peptides from partial hydrolysates. Biochem J. 53, 353–366 (1953).
3. SANGER, F. & THOMPSON, E. O. The amino-acid sequence in the glycyl chain of insulin. II. The investigation of peptides from enzymic hydrolysates. Biochem J. 53, 366–374 (1953).
4. Kung, Y. T., Du, Y. C., Huang, W. T., Chen, C. C. & Ke, L. T. Total synthesis of crystalline bovine insulin. Sci. Sin. 14, 1710–1716 (1965).
5. Goeddel, D. V. et al. Expression in Escherichia coli of chemically synthesized genes for human insulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76, 106–110 (1979).