1. Peitzman S: “Science inventors and the introduction of the artificial kidney in the United States.”Seminars in Dialysis9:276–281 1996.
2. Koenig B: “The technological imperative in medical practice: the social creation of a ‘routine’ treatment.” In: Lock M Gordon D eds.:Biomedicine Examined. Dordrecht and Boston Kluwer 1988 pp. 465–496. See also the chapter “The experiment‐therapy dilemma” in Fox R Swazey J:The Courage to Fail 2nd ed. Chicago University of Chicago Press 1978 pp. 60–83.
3. For an early discussion of “technologic imperative” in medicine see Fuchs V: “The growing demand for medical care.”New England Journal of Medicine279:190–195 1968. For the concept applied to the funding of maintenance dialysis see Rothman D:Beginnings Count: The Technological Imperative in American Health Care. New York and Oxford Oxford University Press 1997 pp. 88–109.
4. There exists a large literature on the invention of technological systems—arrangements far larger and more complex than the single machine and its operators. A major theoretician and historian of this subject is Thomas P. Hughes; see for example Hughes T: “The evolution of large technological systems ” in Wiebe E et al. eds.:The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology. Cambridge MA MIT Press 1987 pp. 51–82. For the invention of other “special care units” in hospitals see Hilberman M: “The evolution of intensive care units.”Critical Care Medicine3:159–165 1975; and Fairman J: “Watchful vigilance: nursing care technology and the development of intensive care units.”Nursing Research41:56–60 1992. For recollections of Barbara Coleman Wysocki see interview conducted by Nancy Hoffart 5 March 1986 file MC‐7 Center for the Study of the History of Nursing University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing Philadelphia.
5. 5. See MacBride P:Genesis of the Artificial Kidney. Deerfield IL Baxter Healthcare Corp. 1987 pp. 44-48 101-104