1. Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
2. Université
Paris-Est, Laboratoire Navier (UMR 8205), CNRS, ENPC, IFSTTAR, 77455 Marne-la-Vallée, France
3. CINaM-CNRS, Campus
de Luminy, 13288 Marseille
cedex 09, France
4. MultiScale
Materials Science for Energy and Environment (MSE2), Joint CNRS-MIT Laboratory, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge Massachusetts 02139, United States