Size-dependent desiccation tolerance in adult and juvenile introduced freshwater Japanese mystery snails (Cipangopaludina japonica, previously Heterogen japonica)

Abstract

Freshwater Japanese mystery snails (Cipangopaludina japonica, previously Heterogen japonica) were introduced to North America from Asia in the early 1900s and have colonized many lake and river systems across the United States (US). Tolerance to environmental stressors, such as desiccation, plays a large role in species’ invasion potential and persistence in novel environments. To characterize the desiccation tolerance of C. japonica snails, adults and juveniles from three eastern US populations were exposed to air for 13.5 weeks (adults, n = 650) or 48 hours (juveniles, n = 849) and their mortality assessed over time. Over 50% of adult snails from each population exposed to desiccation survived over 10 weeks of constant air exposure, while survival ranged from 10 to 64% at the end of the exposure experiment (13.5 weeks), depending on population, indicating exceedingly high resistance to desiccation mortality in adults of this species. In contrast, juvenile snails were much more vulnerable to desiccation, with over 70% mortality at just 24 hours of drying and only a single individual surviving 48 hours of desiccation stress. We found that the interaction between snail shell length and time affected survival for both adults and juveniles, where larger body sizes were associated with increased probability of survival as time of exposure increased (p < 0.001 for both juveniles and adults). Based on these data, juveniles cannot survive long-term air exposure, but the high desiccation tolerance of adults may facilitate survival and population persistence in stressful environments and allow for increased dispersal between water bodies. Therefore, both commercial and recreational users of water bodies containing introduced C. japonica should be aware of the risk of unintentional dispersal between water bodies via contaminated gear and/or boats, even if those materials are exposed to air for a significant amount of time.