Socially flexible female choice differs among populations of the Pacific field cricket: geographical variation in the interaction coefficient psi (Ψ)

Abstract

Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) occur when genes expressed in one individual affect the phenotype of a conspecific. Theoretical models indicate that the evolutionary consequences of IGEs critically depend on the genetic architecture of interacting traits, and on the strength and direction of phenotypic effects arising from social interactions, which can be quantified by the interaction coefficientΨ. In the context of sexually selected traits, strong positiveΨtends to exaggerate evolutionary change, whereas negativeΨimpedes sexual trait elaboration. Despite its theoretical importance, whether and howΨvaries among geographically distinct populations is unknown. Such information is necessary to evaluate the potential for IGEs to contribute to divergence among isolated or semi-isolated populations. Here, we report substantial variation inΨfor a behavioural trait involved in sexual selection in the field cricketTeleogryllus oceanicus: female choosiness. Both the strength and direction ofΨvaried among geographically isolated populations.Ψalso changed over time. In a contemporary population of crickets from Kauai, experience of male song increased female choosiness. In contrast, experience of male song decreased choosiness in an ancestral population from the same location. This rapid change corroborates studies examining the evolvability ofΨand demonstrates how interpopulation variation in the interaction coefficient might influence sexual selection and accelerate divergence of traits influenced by IGEs that contribute to reproductive isolation in nascent species or subspecies.