Abstract
A comprehensive search was carried out in mainstream bibliographic databases or Medical Subject Headings, including ScienDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. The search was applied to the articles that were published between January 2020 and early 2023 with strict literature search and screening processes, it yielded 14 articles from 373 articles of initial literature database. Among 14 study results, there was acceptable for immunogenicity (both humoral and cellular immune responses (a key response for the development of a vaccination-induced immunogenicity and safety in 11 studies (78.57 %), whereas acceptable potent immunogenicity was found in patients aged more than 40 years with chronic diseases, particularly, chronic respiratory diseases and coronary artery diseases. Only potent T-cell response was identified in one study. No significant difference in vaccine safety compared with healthy subjects and effective neutralizing antibodies (two doses completion) against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) in patients older than 60 years with diabetes and/or hypertension were demonstrated after completion of COVID-19 vaccination. Immunogenicity (both humoral and cellular) and safety in aged people and individuals living with various chronic diseases (both infectious and non-infectious) is highlighted in this study. In conclusion, specified local and systemic AEs and unsolicited AEs, AESI, and SAEs after each vaccination and after the second dose should be monitored. Recording the adverse events of special interest (AESI) and serious adverse events (SAEs) throughout the patients’ vaccination course should be performed and can decrease COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy in these persons.