Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Poor Grade Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage—A Concise Review

Abstract

Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) disproportionately affects poor grade aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients. An unreliable neurological exam and the lack of appropriate monitoring leads to unrecognized DCI, which in turn is associated with severe long-term deficits and higher mortality. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) offers simple, continuous, real time, non-invasive cerebral monitoring. It provides regional cerebral oxygen saturation (c-rSO2), which reflects the balance between cerebral oxygen consumption and supply. Reports have demonstrated a good correlation with other cerebral oxygen and blood flow monitoring, and credible cerebrovascular reactivity indices were also derived from NIRS signals. Multiple critical c-rSO2 values have been reported in aSAH patients, based on various thresholds, duration, variation from baseline or cerebrovascular reactivity indices. Some were associated with vasospasm, some with DCI and others with clinical outcomes. However, the poor grade aSAH population has not been specifically studied and no randomized clinical trial has been published. The available literature does not support a specific NIRS-based intervention threshold to guide diagnostic or treatment in aSAH patients. We review herein the fundamental basic concepts behind NIRS technology, relationship of c-rSO2 to other brain monitoring values and their potential clinical interpretation. We follow with a critical evaluation of the use of NIRS in the aSAH population, more specifically its ability to diagnose vasospasm, to predict DCI and its association to outcome. In summary, NIRS might offer significant potential for poor grade aSAH in the future. However, current evidence does not support its use in clinical decision-making, and proper technology evaluation is required.