Early detection of type 2 diabetes risk: limitations of current diagnostic criteria

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the leading cause of diabetes worldwide and is increasing rapidly, especially in youth. It accounts for most diabetes deaths in adults ≥20 years old in the Americas, with type 2 diabetes responsible for most of the disease burden. The incidence and burden of type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults have risen in recent decades globally. Countries with lower socioeconomic status had the highest incidence and burden, and females generally had higher mortality and disease burden than males at ages <30 years. Early diagnosis and management are crucial to delaying progression, but current diagnostic criteria based on glucose thresholds and glycated hemoglobin have limitations. Recent analyses show that prediabetes increases cancer risk. Better diagnostic criteria are urgently needed to identify high-risk individuals earlier. This article discusses the limitations of current criteria and explores alternative approaches and future research directions.