Exploring sex differences in lung cancer risk among workers in Ontario, Canada's Occupational Disease Surveillance System

Abstract

BackgroundWhile it is well-established that occupational exposures significantly contribute to the risk of developing lung cancer, there remains a notable gap in understanding the specific sex differences in lung cancer risk, particularly among female workers. This study aimed to examine sex differences in lung cancer risk across various occupations, with an emphasis on the female workforce.MethodsA cohort of approximately 2.37 million workers with lost-time compensation claims were linked to the Ontario Cancer Registry and followed until lung cancer diagnosis, age 85, emigration, death, or end of follow-up (Dec 31, 2020). Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate sex-specific hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for lung cancer by occupational group (division, major and minor levels), adjusted for birth-year and age and indirectly adjusted for cigarette smoking.ResultsA total of 12,216 and 30,291 incident lung cancer cases were identified among females and males, respectively. Several occupations demonstrated stronger associations for lung cancer in females, with at least a 20% increased risk compared to males. These occupations at the major level include food and beverage preparation services (HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.13–1.26); materials processing (chemical, petroleum, rubber, plastic) (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.19–1.52); wood processing (HR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.22–2.87); metal machining (HR = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.21–2.00); metal shaping and forming (HR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.32–1.62); fabricating and assembling metal products (HR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.25–1.51), other construction trades (HR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.16–2.05), motor transport operating (HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.48–1.94), mechanic and repair work (HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.04–1.85); and printing (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.30–1.75). These patterns were similar across minor level occupations.ConclusionsThis study identified sex differences across various occupations, with some occupational groups demonstrating stronger associations among female workers. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution. The observed differences may be attributed to various factors that influence risk, such as occupational exposures, use and effectiveness of personal protective equipment, and other biological or lifestyle factors.