Octahedral Molybdenum Cluster-Based Nanomaterials for Potential Photodynamic Therapy

Abstract

Photo/radiosensitizers, such as octahedral molybdenum clusters (Mo6), have been intensively studied for photodynamic applications to treat various diseases. However, their delivery to the desired target can be hampered by its limited solubility, low stability in physiological conditions, and inappropriate biodistribution, thus limiting the therapeutic effect and increasing the side effects of the therapy. To overcome such obstacles and to prepare photofunctional nanomaterials, we employed biocompatible and water-soluble copolymers based on N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide (pHPMA) as carriers of Mo6 clusters. Several strategies based on electrostatic, hydrophobic, or covalent interactions were employed for the formation of polymer-cluster constructs. Importantly, the luminescent properties of the Mo6 clusters were preserved upon association with the polymers: all polymer-cluster constructs exhibited an effective quenching of their excited states, suggesting a production of singlet oxygen (O2(1Δg)) species which is a major factor for a successful photodynamic treatment. Even though the colloidal stability of all polymer-cluster constructs was satisfactory in deionized water, the complexes prepared by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions underwent severe aggregation in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) accompanied by the disruption of the cohesive forces between the cluster and polymer molecules. On the contrary, the conjugates prepared by covalent interactions notably displayed colloidal stability in PBS in addition to high luminescence quantum yields, suggesting that pHPMA is a suitable nanocarrier for molybdenum cluster-based photosensitizers intended for photodynamic applications.