Mammary Glands of Women, Female Dogs and Female Rats: Similarities and Differences to Be Considered in Breast Cancer Research

Author:

Ferreira Tiago1234ORCID,Gama Adelina56,Seixas Fernanda56ORCID,Faustino-Rocha Ana I.1278ORCID,Lopes Carlos9,Gaspar Vítor M.4ORCID,Mano João F.4ORCID,Medeiros Rui310111213ORCID,Oliveira Paula A.12ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

2. Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

3. Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

4. Department of Chemistry, CICECO—Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal

5. Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

6. Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal

7. Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal

8. Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal

9. Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

10. Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal

11. Research Department of the Portuguese League against Cancer—Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro—Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-177 Porto, Portugal

12. Virology Service, Portuguese Institute of Oncology (IPO), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal

13. Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal

Abstract

Breast cancer is one of the most common and well-known types of cancer among women worldwide and is the most frequent neoplasm in intact female dogs. Female dogs are considered attractive models or studying spontaneous breast cancer, whereas female rats are currently the most widely used animal models for breast cancer research in the laboratory context. Both female dogs and female rats have contributed to the advancement of scientific knowledge in this field, and, in a “One Health” approach, they have allowed broad understanding of specific biopathological pathways, influence of environmental factors and screening/discovery of candidate therapies. This review aims to clearly showcase the similarities and differences among woman, female dog and female rat concerning to anatomical, physiological and histological features of the mammary gland and breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, in order to better portray breast tumorigenesis, and to ensure appropriate conclusions and extrapolation of results among species. We also discuss the major aspects that stand out in these species. The mammary glands of female dogs and women share structural similarities, especially with respect to the lactiferous ducts and lymphatic drainage. In contrast, female rats have only one lactiferous duct per nipple. A comprehensive comparison between humans and dogs is given a special focus, as these species share several aspects in terms of breast/mammary cancer epidemiology, such as age of onset, hormonal etiology, risk factors, and the clinical course of the disease. Holistically, it is clear that each species has advantages and limitations that researchers must consider during the development of experimental designs and data analysis.

Funder

Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology

CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials

FCT/MEC

FCT

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

General Veterinary

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