Vitamin D Levels as a Marker of Severe SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Author:
Athanassiou Lambros1, Kostoglou-Athanassiou Ifigenia2ORCID, Nikolakopoulou Sofia1, Konstantinou Alexandra1, Mascha Olga3, Siarkos Evangelos1, Samaras Charilaos1, Athanassiou Panagiotis4ORCID, Shoenfeld Yehuda5
Affiliation:
1. COVID-19 Department, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece 2. Department of Endocrinology, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece 3. Department of Biochemistry, Asclepeion Hospital, Voula, GR16673 Athens, Greece 4. Department of Rheumatology, St. Paul’s Hospital, GR55134 Thessaloniki, Greece 5. Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Reichman University, Herzelya 4610101, Israel
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus may cause severe infection, which is associated with diverse clinical manifestations. Vitamin D has immunomodulating properties and may enhance the body’s defense system against invading pathogenic organisms. The aim was to assess 25(OH)D3 levels in patients hospitalized for severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and explore the relationship between 25(OH)D3 and outcomes. In a group of 88 patients hospitalized for severe infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a control group matched for age and sex, the levels of 25(OH)D3 were analyzed. Levels of 25(OH)D3 were 17.36 ± 8.80 ng/mL (mean ± SD) compared with 24.34 ± 10.34 ng/mL in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and the control group, respectively, p < 0.001 (Student’s t-test). 25(OH)D3 levels were significantly related to outcomes, i.e., survival as opposed to non-survival, as more patients with 25(OH)D3 deficiency (0–10 ng/mL) and insufficiency (10–20 ng/mL) had a fatal outcome as compared with those with vitamin D sufficiency (p < 0.001, chi-square test, p < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test). Levels of 25(OH)D3 were inversely related to C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, d-dimer, and fibrinogen levels (p < 0.001, linear regression analysis, beta coefficient of variation, −0.176, −0.160, −0.178, and −0.158, respectively). Vitamin D deficiency observed in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection was related to disease outcomes.
Subject
Paleontology,Space and Planetary Science,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
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