Microstructural and Elemental Characterization of Root Canal Sealers Using FTIR, SEM, and EDS Analysis
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Published:2023-04-02
Issue:7
Volume:13
Page:4517
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ISSN:2076-3417
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Container-title:Applied Sciences
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language:en
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Short-container-title:Applied Sciences
Author:
Assiry Ali A.1ORCID, Karobari Mohmed Isaqali23ORCID, Lin Galvin Sim Siang2ORCID, Batul Rumesa2, Snigdha Niher Tabassum4, Luke Alexander Maniangat5ORCID, Shetty Krishna Prasad5ORCID, Scardina Giuseppe Alessandro6ORCID, Noorani Tahir Yusuf2ORCID
Affiliation:
1. Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia 2. Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia 3. Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India 4. Paediatric Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia 5. College of Dentistry, Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Science Research, Ajman University, Al-Jruf, Ajman P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates 6. Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
Abstract
Background: Root canal sealers and repair materials should have the desirable physical, chemical, and biological characteristics, and an antibacterial effect if possible. There is little information available on the biocompatibility of new sealers on the market. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) can offer trustworthy data to examine chemical structures; another technique for revealing the elements in the constituents that may contribute to the cytotoxicity of these sealers is scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the goal of elemental mapping utilizing energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Methodology: All the root canal sealers were mixed as per the manufacturers’ instructions and allowed to set in molds for 24 h. Then, the samples were placed into an incubator (Memmert GmbH + Co. KG, Schwabach, Germany for 72 h, in a moist environment to allow complete chemical setting of the sealers. The organic and inorganic components of the sample were identified using FTIR with the wavelength length in the infra-red region measuring 400–450 nm. The finely crushed samples were coated with gold metal; following that, the sealer samples were examined under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) at 5000×, 10,000×, and 20,000× magnification, followed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results: The surfaces of BioRoot and DiaRoot sealers revealed a relatively uniform distribution of irregular micro-sized particles aggregated in clusters, with the particle size ranging from 1 to 65 µm and 0.4 to 55 µm, respectively. OneFill, iRoot, and CeraSeal demonstrated irregularly shaped particles with particle sizes of 0.5 to 105 µm, 0.5 to 195 µm, and 0.3 to 68 µm, respectively. The EDX microanalysis revealed that oxygen, calcium, and carbon were found in all the tested sealer materials. Silicone and zirconium were absent in DiaRoot, but DiaRoot contained fluoride and ytterbium. Moreover, aluminum was noted in DiaRoot, One Fill, and CeraSeal, and chloride was only observed in BioRoot. FTIR analysis revealed strong absorption bands at 666 cm−1 and 709 cm−1 in BioRoot. Bands at 739 cm−1, 804 cm−1, 863 cm−1, 898 cm−1, and 1455 cm−1 were observed in DiaRoot. Bands at 736 cm−1 and 873 cm−1 in OneFill suggested the presence of C-H bending. Similarly, bands were observed at 937 cm−1, 885 cm−1, 743 cm−1, and 1455 cm−1 in iRoot, representing C-H stretching. Conclusions: All root canal sealers had diverse surface morphologies that contained irregular, micro-sized particles that were uniformly distributed, and they lacked heavy metals. All the experimental sealers comprised mainly calcium, oxygen, and carbon.
Funder
KSA and Global Dental Research Consultants
Subject
Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes,Computer Science Applications,Process Chemistry and Technology,General Engineering,Instrumentation,General Materials Science
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