Autoantibodies to Interferons in Infectious Diseases

Author:

Quiros-Roldan Eugenia1ORCID,Sottini Alessandra2,Signorini Simona Giulia2,Serana Federico2,Tiecco Giorgio1ORCID,Imberti Luisa3ORCID

Affiliation:

1. Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy

2. Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy

3. Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, P. le Spedali Civili, 1, 25123 Brescia, Italy

Abstract

Anti-cytokine autoantibodies and, in particular, anti-type I interferons are increasingly described in association with immunodeficient, autoimmune, and immune-dysregulated conditions. Their presence in otherwise healthy individuals may result in a phenotype characterized by a predisposition to infections with several agents. For instance, anti-type I interferon autoantibodies are implicated in Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and found preferentially in patients with critical disease. However, autoantibodies were also described in the serum of patients with viral, bacterial, and fungal infections not associated with COVID-19. In this review, we provide an overview of anti-cytokine autoantibodies identified to date and their clinical associations; we also discuss whether they can act as enemies or friends, i.e., are capable of acting in a beneficial or harmful way, and if they may be linked to gender or immunosenescence. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the production of autoantibodies could improve the approach to treating some infections, focusing not only on pathogens, but also on the possibility of a low degree of autoimmunity in patients.

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Virology,Infectious Diseases

Reference192 articles.

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