25-Hydroxycholesterol-Induced Oxiapoptophagy in L929 Mouse Fibroblast Cell Line

Author:

You Jae-Seek,Lim HyangI,Seo Jeong-Yeon,Kang Kyeong-Rok,Kim Do Kyung,Oh Ji-SuORCID,Seo Yo-Seob,Lee Gyeong-Je,Kim Jin-SooORCID,Kim Heung-Joong,Yu Sun-Kyoung,Kim Jae-SungORCID

Abstract

25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC) is an oxysterol synthesized from cholesterol by cholesterol-25-hydroxylase during cholesterol metabolism. The aim of this study was to verify whether 25-HC induces oxiapoptophagy in fibroblasts. 25-HC not only decreased the survival of L929 cells, but also increased the number of cells with condensed chromatin and altered morphology. Fluorescence-activated cell sorting results showed that there was a dose-dependent increase in the apoptotic populations of L929 cells upon treatment with 25-HC. 25-HC-induced apoptotic cell death was mediated by the death receptor-dependent extrinsic and mitochondria-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, through the cascade activation of caspases including caspase-8, -9, and -3 in L929 cells. There was an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators such as inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, nitric oxide, and prostaglandin E2 in L929 cells treated with 25-HC. Moreover, 25-HC caused an increase in the expression of beclin-1 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3, an autophagy biomarker, in L929 cells. There was a significant decrease in the phosphorylation of protein kinase B (Akt) in L929 cells treated with 25-HC. Taken together, 25-HC induced oxiapoptophagy through the modulation of Akt and p53 cellular signaling pathways in L929 cells.

Funder

National Research Foundation of Korea

Publisher

MDPI AG

Subject

Chemistry (miscellaneous),Analytical Chemistry,Organic Chemistry,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry,Molecular Medicine,Drug Discovery,Pharmaceutical Science

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