Reconsidering the Role of Cyclooxygenase Inhibition in the Chemotherapeutic Value of NO-Releasing Aspirins for Lung Cancer

Abstract

Nitric oxide-releasing aspirins (NO-aspirins) are aspirin derivatives that are safer than the parent drug in the gastrointestinal context and have shown superior cytotoxic effects in several cancer models. Despite the rationale for their design, the influence of nitric oxide (NO•) on the effects of NO-aspirins has been queried. Moreover, different isomers exhibit varying antitumor activity, apparently related to their ability to release NO•. Here, we investigated the effects and mode of action of NO-aspirins in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, comparing two isomers, NCX4016 and NCX4040 (-meta and -para isomers, respectively). NCX4040 was more potent in decreasing NSCLC cell viability and migration and exhibited significant synergistic effects in combination with erlotinib (an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor) in erlotinib-resistant cells. We also studied the relationship among the effects of NO-aspirins, NO• release, and PGE2 levels. NCX4040 released more NO• and significantly decreased PGE2 synthesis relative to NCX4016; however, NO• scavenger treatment reversed the antiproliferative effects of NCX4016, but not those of NCX4040. By contrast, misoprostol (a PGE2 receptor agonist) significantly reversed the antiproliferative effect of NCX4040, but not those of NCX4016. Furthermore, misoprostol reversed the antimigratory effects of NCX4040. Overall, these results indicate that PGE2 inhibition is important in the mode of action of NO-aspirins.